1
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Singh P, Choi JY, Mamoun CB. DAB-APT: a Fluorescence-Based Assay for Determining Aminopropyl Transferase Activity and Inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588734. [PMID: 38645036 PMCID: PMC11030440 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines are polycationic molecules that are crucial in a wide array of cellular functions. Their biosynthesis is mediated by aminopropyl transferases (APTs), promising targets in antimicrobial, antineoplastic and antineurodegenerative therapies. A major limitation, however, is the lack of high-throughput assays to measure their activity. We developed the first fluorescence-based assay, DAB-APT, for measurement of APT activity using 1,2-diacetyl benzene, which forms fluorescent conjugates with putrescine, spermidine and spermine with fluorescence intensity increasing with increasing carbon chain length. The assay has been validated using APT enzymes from S. cerevisiae and P. falciparum and is suitable for high-throughput screening of large chemical libraries. Given the importance of APTs in infectious diseases, cancer and neurobiology, our DAB-APT assay has broad applications, holding promise for advancing research and drug discovery efforts.
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2
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Cascelli N, Gotor-Fernández V, Lavandera I, Sannia G, Lettera V. Spectrophotometric Assay for the Detection of 2,5-Diformylfuran and Its Validation through Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16861. [PMID: 38069183 PMCID: PMC10706692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern biocatalysis requires fast, sensitive, and efficient high-throughput screening methods to screen enzyme libraries in order to seek out novel biocatalysts or enhanced variants for the production of chemicals. For instance, the synthesis of bio-based furan compounds like 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) via aerobic oxidation is a crucial process in industrial chemistry. Laccases, known for their mild operating conditions, independence from cofactors, and versatility with various substrates, thanks to the use of chemical mediators, are appealing candidates for catalyzing HMF oxidation. Herein, Schiff-based polymers based on the coupling of DFF and 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD) have been used in the set-up of a novel colorimetric assay for detecting the presence of DFF in different reaction mixtures. This method may be employed for the fast screening of enzymes (Z' values ranging from 0.68 to 0.72). The sensitivity of the method has been proved, and detection (8.4 μM) and quantification (25.5 μM) limits have been calculated. Notably, the assay displayed selectivity for DFF and enabled the measurement of kinetics in DFF production from HMF using three distinct laccase-mediator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Cascelli
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.-F.); (I.L.)
| | - Giovanni Sannia
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Lettera
- Biopox srl, Viale Maria Bakunin 12, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (N.C.); (G.S.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/D, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
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3
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Hu S, Fei M, Fu B, Yu M, Yuan P, Tang B, Yang H, Sun D. Development of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 for β-alanine production by using protein and metabolic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2277-2288. [PMID: 36929190 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
β-alanine has been used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Although Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is generally considered safe and engineered as living therapeutics, engineering EcN for producing industrial metabolites has rarely been explored. Here, by protein and metabolic engineering, EcN was engineered for producing β-alanine from glucose. First, an aspartate-α-decarboxylase variant ADCK43Y with improved activity was identified and over-expressed in EcN, promoting the titer of β-alanine from an undetectable level to 0.46 g/L. Second, directing the metabolic flux towards L-aspartate increased the titer of β-alanine to 0.92 g/L. Third, the yield of β-alanine was elevated to 1.19 g/L by blocking conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and further increased to 2.14 g/L through optimizing culture medium. Finally, the engineered EcN produced 11.9 g/L β-alanine in fed-batch fermentation. Our work not only shows the potential of EcN as a valuable industrial platform, but also facilitates production of β-alanine via fermentation. KEY POINTS: • Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was engineered as a β-alanine producing cell factory • Identification of a decarboxylase variant ADCK43Y with improved activity • Directing the metabolic flux to L-ASP and expressing ADCK43Y elevated the titer of β-alanine to 11.9 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingyue Fei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjing Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panhong Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Hecko S, Schiefer A, Badenhorst CPS, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Bornscheuer UT, Rudroff F. Enlightening the Path to Protein Engineering: Chemoselective Turn-On Probes for High-Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Activity. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2832-2901. [PMID: 36853077 PMCID: PMC10037340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Many successful stories in enzyme engineering are based on the creation of randomized diversity in large mutant libraries, containing millions to billions of enzyme variants. Methods that enabled their evaluation with high throughput are dominated by spectroscopic techniques due to their high speed and sensitivity. A large proportion of studies relies on fluorogenic substrates that mimic the chemical properties of the target or coupled enzymatic assays with an optical read-out that assesses the desired catalytic efficiency indirectly. The most reliable hits, however, are achieved by screening for conversions of the starting material to the desired product. For this purpose, functional group assays offer a general approach to achieve a fast, optical read-out. They use the chemoselectivity, differences in electronic and steric properties of various functional groups, to reduce the number of false-positive results and the analytical noise stemming from enzymatic background activities. This review summarizes the developments and use of functional group probes for chemoselective derivatizations, with a clear focus on screening for enzymatic activity in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael J Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Yuan SF, Nair PH, Borbon D, Coleman SM, Fan PH, Lin WL, Alper HS. Metabolic engineering of E. coli for β-alanine production using a multi-biosensor enabled approach. Metab Eng 2022; 74:24-35. [PMID: 36067877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
β-alanine is an important biomolecule used in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and chemical synthesis. The relatively eco-friendly bioproduction of β-alanine has recently attracted more interest than petroleum-based chemical synthesis. In this work, we developed two types of in vivo high-throughput screening platforms, wherein one was utilized to identify a novel target ribonuclease E (encoded by rne) as well as a redox-cofactor balancing module that can enhance de novo β-alanine biosynthesis from glucose, and the other was employed for screening fermentation conditions. When combining these approaches with rational upstream and downstream module engineering, an engineered E. coli producer was developed that exhibited 3.4- and 6.6-fold improvement in β-alanine yield (0.85 mol β-alanine/mole glucose) and specific β-alanine production (0.74 g/L/OD600), respectively, compared to the parental strain in a minimal medium. Across all of the strains constructed, the best yielding strain exhibited 1.08 mol β-alanine/mole glucose (equivalent to 81.2% of theoretic yield). The final engineered strain produced 6.98 g/L β-alanine in a batch-mode bioreactor and 34.8 g/L through a whole-cell catalysis. This approach demonstrates the utility of biosensor-enabled high-throughput screening for the production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Yuan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Priya H Nair
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dominic Borbon
- Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Coleman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Ling Lin
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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6
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Choi JY, Black R, Lee H, Di Giovanni J, Murphy RC, Ben Mamoun C, Voelker DR. An improved and highly selective fluorescence assay for measuring phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9211-9222. [PMID: 32430397 PMCID: PMC7335775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases (PSDs) catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylserine (PS) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a critical step in membrane biogenesis and a potential target for development of antimicrobial and anti-cancer drugs. PSD activity has typically been quantified using radioactive substrates and products. Recently, we described a fluorescence-based assay that measures the PSD reaction using distyrylbenzene-bis-aldehyde (DSB-3), whose reaction with PE produces a fluorescence signal. However, DSB-3 is not widely available and also reacts with PSD's substrate, PS, producing an adduct with lower fluorescence yield than that of PE. Here, we report a new fluorescence-based assay that is specific for PSD and in which the presence of PS causes only negligible background. This new assay uses 1,2-diacetyl benzene/β-mercaptoethanol, which forms a fluorescent iso-indole-mercaptide conjugate with PE. PE detection with this method is very sensitive and comparable with detection by radiochemical methods. Model reactions examining adduct formation with ethanolamine produced stable products of exact masses (m/z) of 342.119 and 264.105. The assay is robust, with a signal/background ratio of 24, and can readily detect formation of 100 pmol of PE produced from Escherichia coli membranes, Candida albicans mitochondria, or HeLa cell mitochondria. PSD activity can easily be quantified by sequential reagent additions in 96- or 384-well plates, making it readily adaptable to high-throughput screening for PSD inhibitors. This new assay now enables straightforward large-scale screening for PSD inhibitors against pathogenic fungi, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and neoplastic mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Choi
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Raymond Black
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - HeeJung Lee
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - James Di Giovanni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- Basic Science Section, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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7
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Qian Y, Lu C, Liu J, Song W, Chen X, Luo Q, Liu L, Wu J. Engineering protonation conformation of
l
‐aspartate‐α‐decarboxylase to relieve mechanism‐based inactivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1607-1614. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Cui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Qiuling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of EducationJiangnan University Wuxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceJiangnan University Wuxi China
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8
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Synthesis of biobased reactive hydroxyl amines by amination reaction of cardanol-based epoxy monomers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Bio-based routes to synthesize cyclic carbonates and polyamines precursors of non-isocyanate polyurethanes: A review. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Mo Q, Mao A, Li Y, Shi G. Substrate inactivation of bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase from Corynebacterium jeikeium K411 and improvement of molecular stability by saturation mutagenesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:62. [PMID: 30923994 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-aspartate α-decarboxylase (PanD) is a potential biocatalyst for the green production of β-alanine, an important block chemical for manufacturing nitrogen-containing chemicals in bio-refinery field. It was reported that the poor catalytic stability caused by substrate inactivation limited the large-scale application. Here, we investigated the characters of inactivation by L-aspartate of PanD from Corynebacterium jeikeium (PDCjei), and found that L-aspartate induced a time-, and concentration-dependent inactivation of PDCjei with the values of KI and kinact being 288.4 mM and 0.235/min, respectively. To improve the catalytic stability of PDCjei, conserved amino acid residues essential to catalytic stability were analyzed by comparing the discrepancy in the observed inactivation rate of various sources. By an efficient colorimetric high-throughput screening method, four mutants with 3.18-24.69% higher activity were obtained from mutant libraries. Among them, the best mutation (R3K) also performed 66.38% higher catalytic stability than the wild type, showing great potential for industrial bio-production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Mo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - An Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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El Azab IH, Elkanzi NAA, Gobouri AA, Altalhi TA. Convenient Synthesis of Novel Nitrogen Bridgehead Heterocycles Utilizing 3‐Mercapto‐6
H
‐[1,2,4,5]oxatriazino[3,2‐
a
]isoindol‐6‐one as a New Synthon. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Islam H. El Azab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University Al‐Haweiah, P.O. Box 888 Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAswan University P.O. Box 81528 Aswan Egypt
| | - Nadia A. A. Elkanzi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceAswan University P.O. Box 81528 Aswan Egypt
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceJouf University P.O. Box 2014 Sakaka Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University Al‐Haweiah, P.O. Box 888 Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A. Altalhi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceTaif University Al‐Haweiah, P.O. Box 888 Taif 21974 Saudi Arabia
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12
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Mügge C, Kourist R. Practical Considerations Regarding the Choice of the Best High-Throughput Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1685:189-208. [PMID: 29086310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7366-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
All protein engineering studies include the stage of identifying and characterizing variants within a mutant library by employing a suitable assay or selection method. A large variety of different assay approaches for different enzymes have been developed in the last few decades, and the throughput performance of these assays vary considerably. Thus, the concept of a protein engineering study must be adapted to the available assay methods. This introductory review chapter describes different assay concepts on selected examples, including selection and screening approaches, detection of pH and cosubstrate changes, coupled enzyme assays, methods using surrogate substrates and selective derivatization. The given examples should guide and inspire the reader when choosing and developing own high-throughput screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mügge
- Junior Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, Petersgasse 14, A8010, Graz, Austria.
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13
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14
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Pei W, Zhang J, Deng S, Tigu F, Li Y, Li Q, Cai Z, Li Y. Molecular engineering of L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase for improved activity and catalytic stability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6015-6021. [PMID: 28589224 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-Alanine is an important precursor for the production of food additives, pharmaceuticals, and nitrogen-containing chemicals. Compared with the conventional chemical routes for β-alanine production, the biocatalytic routes using L-aspartate-α-decarboxylase (ADC) are more attractive when energy and environment are concerned. However, ADC's poorly understood properties and its inherent mechanism-based inactivation significantly limited the application of this enzyme. In this study, three genes encoding the ADC enzymes from Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Bacillus subtilis were overexpressed in E. coli. Their properties including specific activity, thermostability, and mechanism-based inactivation were characterized. The ADC enzyme from B. subtilis, which had higher specific activity and thermostability than the others, was selected for further study. In order to improve its activity and relieve its mechanism-based inactivation by molecular engineering so as to improve its catalytic stability, a high-throughput fluorometric assay of β-alanine was developed. From a library of 4000 mutated enzymes, two variants with 18-22% higher specific activity and 29-64% higher catalytic stability were obtained. The best variant showed 50% higher β-alanine production than the wild type after 8 h of conversion of L-aspartate, showing great potential for industrial biocatalytic production of β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Pei
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Siying Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fitsum Tigu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
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15
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Froidevaux V, Negrell C, Caillol S, Pascault JP, Boutevin B. Biobased Amines: From Synthesis to Polymers; Present and Future. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14181-14224. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Froidevaux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253–CNRS, UM, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claire Negrell
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253–CNRS, UM, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253–CNRS, UM, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pascault
- INSA-Lyon, IMP, UMR5223, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Boutevin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253–CNRS, UM, ENSCM, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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16
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Chen W, Zhang S, Jiang P, Yao J, He Y, Chen L, Gui X, Dong Z, Tang SY. Design of an ectoine-responsive AraC mutant and its application in metabolic engineering of ectoine biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2015; 30:149-155. [PMID: 26051748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advanced high-throughput screening methods for small molecules may have important applications in the metabolic engineering of the biosynthetic pathways of these molecules. Ectoine is an excellent osmoprotectant that has been widely used in cosmetics. In this study, the Escherichia coli regulatory protein AraC was engineered to recognize ectoine as its non-natural effector and to activate transcription upon ectoine binding. As an endogenous reporter of ectoine, the mutated AraC protein was successfully incorporated into high-throughput screening of ectoine hyper-producing strains. The ectoine biosynthetic cluster from Halomonas elongata was cloned into E. coli. By engineering the rate-limiting enzyme L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) aminotransferase (EctB), ectoine production and the specific activity of the EctB mutant were increased. Thus, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of engineering regulatory proteins into sensitive and rapid screening tools for small molecules and highlighted the importance and efficacy of directed evolution strategies applied to the engineering of genetic components for yield improvement in the biosynthesis of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peixia Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lincai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiwu Gui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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17
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Speck K, Magauer T. The chemistry of isoindole natural products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2048-78. [PMID: 24204418 PMCID: PMC3817534 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the chemical and biological aspects of natural products containing an oxidized or reduced isoindole skeleton. This motif is found in its intact or modified form in indolocarbazoles, macrocyclic polyketides (cytochalasan alkaloids), the aporhoeadane alkaloids, meroterpenoids from Stachybotrys species and anthraquinone-type alkaloids. Concerning their biological activity, molecular structure and synthesis, we have limited this review to the most inspiring examples. Within different congeners, we have selected a few members and discussed the synthetic routes in more detail. The putative biosynthetic pathways of the presented isoindole alkaloids are described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Speck
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
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18
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Biological production of monoethanolamine by engineered Pseudomonas putida S12. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:344-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Straathof AJJ. Transformation of Biomass into Commodity Chemicals Using Enzymes or Cells. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1871-908. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrie J. J. Straathof
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan
67, 2628
BC Delft, The Netherlands
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20
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Franssen MCR, Steunenberg P, Scott EL, Zuilhof H, Sanders JPM. Immobilised enzymes in biorenewables production. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6491-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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