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Abstract
AbstractPalladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles provide a convenient access to multifold arylated and alkynylated ring systems with a broad spectrum of physical and medicinal properties. Products include thiophenes, selenophenes, pyrroles, indoles, furans, benzofurans, pyrazoles, pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, naphthyridines, quinoxalines, and others. The regioselectivity of the coupling reactions is controlled by a combination of electronic and steric parameters. While a number of couplings can be carried out essentially under standard conditions, others require the use of more sophisticated ligands and a thorough optimization of the conditions, such as solvent, temperature, or reaction time. The present Account provides a personalized overview of coupling reactions of polyhalogenated heterocycles.1 Introduction2 Thiophenes3 Selenophenes4 Pyrroles and Indoles5 Furans and Benzofurans6 Pyrazoles7 Pyridines8 Quinolines9 Pyrimidines and Pyrazines10 Naphthyridines and Quinoxalines11 Miscellaneous12 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e. V
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2
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Jana K, Wakchaure PD, Hussain N, Mukherjee D, Ganguly B. The mechanism of conversion of substituted glycals to chiral acenes via Diels-Alder reaction: a computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6353-6367. [PMID: 34231642 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00408e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of linearly fused aromatic systems using a glycal-based diene with an aryne is a long-standing topic of interest in glycal chemistry. We have examined the mechanistic pathways for the transformation of substituted glycals to chiral fused aromatic cores via Diels-Alder (DA) reaction using the SMDACN-M06-2X/6-31G(d) level of theory. The DA reactions of E (1a) and Z (1a') forms of C-2 alkenyl glycal and an aryl glycal (1b) as a diene were examined with a benzyne intermediate generated as a dienophile. The computational results reveal that 1a and 1b can only be transformed into the fused aromatic cores by the base-catalyzed reaction because a [1,5] sigmatropic hydrogen shift is not feasible. The activation free energy barrier for the base-catalyzed proton abstraction process is 4.2 kcal mol-1 and there is almost no barrier for stereoisomeric 1a DA-complexes. The activation free energy barrier values for stereoisomeric 1b DA-complexes for the base-catalyzed proton abstraction process are 10.8 and 12.4 kcal mol-1. The appropriate orientation of glycal-ring-oxygen and hydrogen at the 5th position of Z (1a') forms of C-2 alkenyl glycal facilitates the [1,5] sigmatropic hydrogen shift; however, the base-catalyzed reaction is energetically more favored than the former case. The rate-determining step for 1a and 1a' is the ring-opening step (18.2 and 19.5 kcal mol-1 for the S-stereoisomer), whereas the DA adduct formation step is the rate-determining step for 1b (16.1 kcal mol-1 for the S-stereoisomer). The structural analysis reveals the formation of the preferred S-stereoisomer over the R-stereoisomer with the respective dienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanashis Jana
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Padmaja D Wakchaure
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
| | - Nazar Hussain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India and Natural Product Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India and Natural Product Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201 002, India
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Ito H, Matsuoka W, Yano Y, Shibata M, Itami K. Annulative π-Extension (APEX) Reactions for Precise Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
- JST-ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University
| | | | | | | | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University
- JST-ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University
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Hu X, Nie L, Zhang G, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative [4+2] Annulation for the π‐Extension of Unfunctionalized Heterobiaryl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15238-15243. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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Hu X, Nie L, Zhang G, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative [4+2] Annulation for the π‐Extension of Unfunctionalized Heterobiaryl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Guoting Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Heeran
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; South Road DH1 3LE Durham U.K
| | - Graham Sandford
- Department of Chemistry; Durham University; South Road DH1 3LE Durham U.K
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Kitano H, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Annulative π-extension of indoles and pyrroles with diiodobiaryls by Pd catalysis: rapid synthesis of nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7556-7561. [PMID: 30319756 PMCID: PMC6180308 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed one-step annulative π-extension (APEX) reaction of indoles and pyrroles that allows rapid access to nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds is described. In the presence of palladium pivalate and silver carbonate, diverse indoles or pyrroles coupled with diiodobiaryls in a double direct C-H arylation manner to be transformed into the corresponding π-extended compounds in a single step. The newly developed catalytic system enables the use of various pyrroles and indoles as templates with a series of diiodobiaryls to provide structurally complicated and largely π-extended nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds that are otherwise difficult to synthesize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kitano
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ;
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan
- JST-ERATO , Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project , Nagoya University , Chikusa , Nagoya 464-8602 , Japan . ;
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Perdomo Rivera R, Ehlers P, Ohlendorf L, Torres Rodríguez E, Villinger A, Langer P. Chemoselective Synthesis of Arylpyridines through Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodisnel Perdomo Rivera
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- University of Granma; Study Center of Applied Chemistry; Carretera de Manzanillo Km 17½ 85100 Bayamo, Granma Cuba
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Lars Ohlendorf
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Eugenio Torres Rodríguez
- University of Granma; Study Center of Applied Chemistry; Carretera de Manzanillo Km 17½ 85100 Bayamo, Granma Cuba
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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10
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Annulative π-Extension (APEX): Rapid Access to Fused Arenes, Heteroarenes, and Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11144-11164. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Ito H, Ozaki K, Itami K. Die anellierende Erweiterung von π-Systemen (APEX-Reaktion): ein rascher Zugang zu kondensierten Arenen, Heteroarenen und Nanographenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kyohei Ozaki
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and; JST-ERATO; Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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12
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Ozaki K, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Annulative π-Extension (APEX) of Heteroarenes with Dibenzosiloles and Dibenzogermoles by Palladium/o-Chloranil Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 19:1930-1933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Ozaki
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- JST-ERATO,
Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Saini KM, Saunthwal RK, Verma AK. Pd-Catalyzed one-pot sequential cross-coupling reactions of tetrabromothiophene. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:10289-10298. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02601c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical one-pot sequential cross-coupling reactions of sterically hindered tetrabromothiophene with arylboronic acid and an alkyne/alkene to afford selective bi-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted aryl/alkynyl-thiophenes with the aid of a palladium catalyst were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Mohan Saini
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi
- India
| | - Rakesh K. Saunthwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi
- India
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi
- India
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14
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Reimann S, Ehlers P, Parpart S, Surkus A, Spannenberg A, Langer P. Site-selective synthesis of arylated pyridines by Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridine. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Barrett MJ, Davies PW, Grainger RS. Regioselective functionalisation of dibenzothiophenes through gold-catalysed intermolecular alkyne oxyarylation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8676-86. [PMID: 26177794 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A protocol has been developed for direct Csp(3)-Csp(2) bond formation at the 4- and 6-positions of dibenzothiophenes using a gold(I) catalyst with terminal alkynes and dibenzothiophene-S-oxides. The sulfoxide acts as a traceless directing group to avoid the need to prefunctionalise at carbon. The iterative use of this protocol is possible and has been employed in the preparation of novel macrocyclic structures. In addition, a cascade process shows how oxyarylations can be combined with other processes resulting in complex, highly efficient transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barrett
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Haworth Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Ehlers P, Petrosyan A, Neubauer A, Bröse T, Lochbrunner S, Ghochikyan TV, Saghyan AS, Langer P. Synthesis of fluorescent 2,3,5,6-tetraalkynylpyridines by site-selective Sonogashira-reactions of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8627-40. [PMID: 25247374 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
4-Substituted 2,3,5,6-tetraalkynylpyridines were prepared by tetra-fold Sonogashira reactions of the corresponding 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridines. 2,6-Dialkynyl-3,5-dichloropyridines were prepared by site-selective Sonogashira reactions from various 4-unsubstituted and 4-substituted tetrachloropyridines. Subsequent two-fold Sonogashira reactions of the products allowed for the synthesis of various 2,3,5,6-tetraalkynylpyridines containing different alkynyl groups. The products exhibit interesting UV/Vis and fluorescence properties. The position of absorption and emission bands can be tuned by systematic variation of the type of alkynyl substituent and by the type of substituent located at position 4 of the pyridine moiety. The presence of electron withdrawing substituents or of an alkynyl group at position 4 as well as the presence of donor substituted alkynyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 resulted in high fluorescence quantum yields of up to 0.6, presumably due to the push-pull substitution pattern of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ehlers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Reimann S, Ehlers P, Petrosyan A, Kohse S, Spannenberg A, Surkus AE, Ghochikyan TV, Saghyan AS, Lochbrunner S, Kühn O, Ludwig R, Langer P. Site Selective Synthesis of PentaarylpyridinesviaMultiple Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Trosien S, Böttger P, Waldvogel SR. Versatile Oxidative Approach to Carbazoles and Related Compounds Using MoCl5. Org Lett 2013; 16:402-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403304t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trosien
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Böttger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Tetraalkynylated and Tetraalkenylated Benzenes and Pyridines: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Ehlers P, Dang TT, Patonay T, Villinger A, Langer P. Synthesis of Alkynylated Selenophenes by Site-Selective Sonogashira Reactions of Tetrabromoselenophene. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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