1
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Gnädinger U, Poier D, Trombini C, Dabros M, Marti R. Development of Lab-Scale Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor as Flow Process Tool for Oxidation Reactions Using Molecular Oxygen. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1860-1868. [PMID: 38783850 PMCID: PMC11110044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The use of sustainable oxidants is of great interest to the chemical industry, considering the importance of oxidation reactions for the manufacturing of chemicals and society's growing awareness of its environmental impact. Molecular oxygen (O2), with an almost optimal atom efficiency in oxidation reactions, presents one of the most attractive alternatives to common reagents that are not only toxic in most cases but produce stoichiometric amounts of waste that must be treated. However, fire and explosion safety concerns, especially when used in combination with organic solvents, restrict its easy use. Here, we use state-of-the-art 3D printing and experimental feedback to develop a miniature continuous stirred-tank reactor (mini-CSTR) that enables efficient use of O2 as an oxidant in organic chemistry. Outstanding heat dissipation properties, achieved through integrated jacket cooling and a high surface-to-volume ratio, allow for a safe operation of the exothermic oxidation of 2-ethylhexanal, surpassing previously reported product selectivity. Moving well beyond the proof-of-concept stage, we characterize and illustrate the reactor's potential in the gas-liquid-solid triphasic synthesis of an endoperoxide precursor of antileishmanial agents. The custom-designed magnetic overhead stirring unit provides improved stirring efficiency, facilitating the handling of suspensions and, in combination with the borosilicate gas dispersion plate, leading to an optimized gas-liquid interface. These results underscore the immense potential that lies within the use of mini-CSTR in sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursina Gnädinger
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dario Poier
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michal Dabros
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roger Marti
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Haute École d’Ingénierie
et d’Architecture Fribourg, HES-SO
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Feng S, Su R. Synthetic Chemistry in Flow: From Photolysis & Homogeneous Photocatalysis to Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400064. [PMID: 38608169 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals has gained increasing attention in recent years owing to its versatility in driving many important reactions under ambient conditions. Selective hydrogenation, oxidation, coupling, and halogenation with a high conversion of the reactants have been realized using designed photocatalysts in batch reactors with small volumes at a laboratory scale; however, scaling-up remains a critical challenge due to inefficient utilization of incident light and active sites of the photocatalysts, resulting in poor catalytic performance that hinders its practical applications. Flow systems are considered one of the solutions for practical applications of light-driven reactions and have experienced great success in photolytic and homogeneous photocatalysis, yet their applications in heterogeneous photocatalysis are still under development. In this perspective, we have summarized recent progress in photolytic and photocatalytic synthetic chemistry performed in flow systems from the view of reactor design with a special focus on heterogeneous photocatalysis. The advantages and limitations of different flow systems, as well as some practical considerations of design strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Feng
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China
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3
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Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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5
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Kochetkov KA, Bystrova NA, Pavlov PA, Oshchepkov MS, Oshchepkov AS. Microfluidic Asymmetrical Synthesis and Chiral Analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Xia Y, Jiang M, Liu M, Zhang Y, Qu H, Xiong T, Huang H, Cheng D, Chen F. Catalytic Syn-Selective Nitroaldol Approach to Amphenicol Antibiotics: Evolution of a Unified Asymmetric Synthesis of (-)-Chloramphenicol, (-)-Azidamphenicol, (+)-Thiamphenicol, and (+)-Florfenicol. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11557-11570. [PMID: 34387504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy for an efficient and high diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of (-)-chloramphenicol, (-)-azidamphenicol, (+)-thiamphenicol, and (+)-florfenicol based on a key catalytic syn-selective Henry reaction is reported. The stereochemistry of the ligand-enabled copper(II)-catalyzed aryl aldehyde Henry reaction of nitroethanol was first explored to forge a challenging syn-2-amino-1,3-diol structure unit with vicinal stereocenters with excellent stereocontrol. Multistep continuous flow manipulations were carried out to achieve the efficient asymmetric synthesis of this family of amphenicol antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xia
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongmin Qu
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Xiong
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huashan Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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High-pressure asymmetric hydrogenation in a customized flow reactor and its application in multi-step flow synthesis of chiral drugs. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Tang XF, Zhao JN, Wu YF, Zheng ZH, Ma CF, Yu ZY, Yun L, Liu GZ, Meng QW. Asymmetric α-hydroxylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds by C-2′ modified cinchonine-derived phase-transfer catalysts in batch and flow microreactors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1781183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Cun-Fei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R. China
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9
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Minireview: Flow chemistry studies of high-pressure gas-liquid reactions with carbon monoxide and hydrogen. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Guan F, Kapur N, Sim L, Taylor CJ, Wen J, Zhang X, Blacker AJ. A universal reactor platform for batch and flow: application to homogeneous and heterogeneous hydrogenation. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro-CSTRs have been developed and used to determine optimal pressure hydrogenation conditions in batch, before being reconfigured for continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfu Guan
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Louise Sim
- School of Food Science and Nutrition
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Connor J. Taylor
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - A. John Blacker
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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11
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Duan X, Tu J, Teixeira AR, Sang L, Jensen KF, Zhang J. An automated flow platform for accurate determination of gas–liquid–solid reaction kinetics. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An automated flow platform based on a tube-in-tube contactor and micro-packed bed reactor is developed to measure the kinetics of gas–liquid–solid hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jiacheng Tu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute
- Worcester
- USA
| | - Le Sang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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12
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Reina A, Favier I, Teuma E, Gómez M, Conte A, Pichon L. Hydrogenation reactions catalyzed by colloidal palladium nanoparticles under flow regime. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Reina
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS 5069, Université de Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Isabelle Favier
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS 5069, Université de Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Emmanuelle Teuma
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS 5069, Université de Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Montserrat Gómez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée UMR CNRS 5069, Université de Toulouse 3 – Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Annelyse Conte
- Maison Européenne des Procédés Innovants, Plate‐Forme ARIANE GROUP Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Pichon
- Maison Européenne des Procédés Innovants, Plate‐Forme ARIANE GROUP Toulouse France
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13
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Morin É, Sosoe J, Raymond M, Amorelli B, Boden RM, Collins SK. Synthesis of a Renewable Macrocyclic Musk: Evaluation of Batch, Microwave, and Continuous Flow Strategies. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Johann Sosoe
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Michaël Raymond
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Benjamin Amorelli
- Research & Development, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., 1515 State Route 36, Union Beach, New Jersey 07735, United States
| | - Richard M. Boden
- Research & Development, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc., 1515 State Route 36, Union Beach, New Jersey 07735, United States
| | - Shawn K. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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14
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Galaverna R, Fernandes LP, Browne DL, Pastre JC. Continuous flow processing as a tool for the generation of terpene-derived monomer libraries. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A Diels–Alder reaction employing terpenes for rapid synthesis of monomer libraries under flow conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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15
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Xue C, Li J, Lee JP, Zhang P, Wu J. Continuous amination of aryl/heteroaryl halides using aqueous ammonia in a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube micro-flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous ammonia was applied as the ammonia source in the continuous amination of aromatic and heteroaromatic halides assisted by a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube reactor to generate densely substituted aryl/heteroaryl amines in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Xue
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Jiesheng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Jin Ping Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Ping Zhang
- Global Discovery Chemistry
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
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16
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Dimitriou E, Jones RH, Pritchard RG, Miller GJ, O'Brien M. Gas-liquid flow hydrogenation of nitroarenes: Efficient access to a pharmaceutically relevant pyrrolobenzo[1,4]diazepine scaffold. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. The Generation of Diazo Compounds in Continuous-Flow. Chemistry 2018; 24:10571-10583. [PMID: 29575129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxic, cancerogenic and explosive-these attributes are typically associated with diazo compounds. Nonetheless, diazo compounds are nowadays a highly demanded class of reagents for organic synthesis, yet the concerns with regards to safe and scalable transformations of these compounds are still exceptionally high. Lately, the research area of the continuous-flow synthesis of diazo compounds attracted significant interest and a whole variety of protocols for their "on-demand" preparation have been realized to date. This concept article focuses on the recent developments using continuous-flow technologies to access diazo compounds; thus minimizing risks and hazards when working with this particular class of compounds. In this article we discuss these concepts and highlight different pre-requisites to access and to perform downstream functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Transient temperature and flowrates in continuous flow reaction systems allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosi C. Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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19
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O’Brien M. An automated colorimetric inline titration of CO2 concentrations in solvent flow streams using a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube device. J CO2 UTIL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Jadhav AS, Anand RV. Triflic Acid Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition of Thiols to p
-Quinone Methides under Continuous-Flow Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet S. Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector 81 140306 SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO) Punjab India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali; Sector 81 140306 SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO) Punjab India
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21
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Johnson MD, May SA, Calvin JR, Lambertus GR, Kokitkar PB, Landis CR, Jones BR, Abrams ML, Stout JR. Continuous Liquid Vapor Reactions Part 1: Design and Characterization of a Reactor for Asymmetric Hydroformylation. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Johnson
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Scott A. May
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Joel R. Calvin
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gordon R. Lambertus
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Prashant B. Kokitkar
- Small Molecule
Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Clark R. Landis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bradley R. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. Leigh Abrams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James R. Stout
- D&M Continuous Solutions, LLC, Greenwood, Indiana 46143, United States
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23
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Dai W, Mi Y, Lv Y, Chen B, Li G, Chen G, Gao S. Development of a Continuous-Flow Microreactor for Asymmetric Sulfoxidation Using a Biomimetic Manganese Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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25
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Lau SH, Bourne SL, Martin B, Schenkel B, Penn G, Ley SV. Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies. Org Lett 2015; 17:5436-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hing Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Samuel L. Bourne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | | | - Gerhard Penn
- Novartis
Pharma
AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Mallia
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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27
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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28
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Brzozowski M, O’Brien M, Ley SV, Polyzos A. Flow chemistry: intelligent processing of gas-liquid transformations using a tube-in-tube reactor. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:349-62. [PMID: 25611216 DOI: 10.1021/ar500359m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The previous decade has witnessed the expeditious uptake of flow chemistry techniques in modern synthesis laboratories, and flow-based chemistry is poised to significantly impact our approach to chemical preparation. The advantages of moving from classical batch synthesis to flow mode, in order to address the limitations of traditional approaches, particularly within the context of organic synthesis are now well established. Flow chemistry methodology has led to measurable improvements in safety and reduced energy consumption and has enabled the expansion of available reaction conditions. Contributions from our own laboratories have focused on the establishment of flow chemistry methods to address challenges associated with the assembly of complex targets through the development of multistep methods employing supported reagents and in-line monitoring of reaction intermediates to ensure the delivery of high quality target compounds. Recently, flow chemistry approaches have addressed the challenges associated with reactions utilizing reactive gases in classical batch synthesis. The small volumes of microreactors ameliorate the hazards of high-pressure gas reactions and enable improved mixing with the liquid phase. Established strategies for gas-liquid reactions in flow have relied on plug-flow (or segmented flow) regimes in which the gas plugs are introduced to a liquid stream and dissolution of gas relies on interfacial contact of the gas bubble with the liquid phase. This approach confers limited control over gas concentration within the liquid phase and is unsuitable for multistep methods requiring heterogeneous catalysis or solid supported reagents. We have identified the use of a gas-permeable fluoropolymer, Teflon AF-2400, as a simple method of achieving efficient gas-liquid contact to afford homogeneous solutions of reactive gases in flow. The membrane permits the transport of a wide range of gases with significant control of the stoichiometry of reactive gas in a given reaction mixture. We have developed a tube-in-tube reactor device consisting of a pair of concentric capillaries in which pressurized gas permeates through an inner Teflon AF-2400 tube and reacts with dissolved substrate within a liquid phase that flows within a second gas impermeable tube. This Account examines our efforts toward the development of a simple, unified methodology for the processing of gaseous reagents in flow by way of development of a tube-in-tube reactor device and applications to key C-C, C-N, and C-O bond forming and hydrogenation reactions. We further describe the application to multistep reactions using solid-supported reagents and extend the technology to processes utilizing multiple gas reagents. A key feature of our work is the development of computer-aided imaging techniques to allow automated in-line monitoring of gas concentration and stoichiometry in real time. We anticipate that this Account will illustrate the convenience and benefits of membrane tube-in-tube reactor technology to improve and concomitantly broaden the scope of gas/liquid/solid reactions in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brzozowski
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton 3168, Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew O’Brien
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories,
School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton 3168, Victoria Australia
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30
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Brzozowski M, Forni JA, Paul Savage G, Polyzos A. The direct α-C(sp3)–H functionalisation of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines via an iron-catalysed aerobic nitro-Mannich reaction and continuous flow processing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:334-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient nitro-Mannich type direct α-C(sp3)–H functionalisation of N-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines catalysed by simple iron salts in combination with O2 as the terminal oxidant is described.
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31
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Cossar PJ, Hizartzidis L, Simone MI, McCluskey A, Gordon CP. The expanding utility of continuous flow hydrogenation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7119-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing body of evidence that flow hydrogenation enhances reduction outcomes across a wide range of synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Cossar
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Lacey Hizartzidis
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Michela I. Simone
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology
- Chemistry Building
- School of Environmental and Life Science
- The University of Newcastle
- University Drive
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Penrith
- Australia
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32
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33
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Tran DN, Battilocchio C, Lou SB, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Flow chemistry as a discovery tool to access sp 2-sp 3 cross-coupling reactions via diazo compounds. Chem Sci 2014; 6:1120-1125. [PMID: 29560199 PMCID: PMC5811102 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The room temperature sp2–sp3 cross-coupling of flow-generated diazo compounds with boronic acids is reported.
The work takes advantage of an important feature of flow chemistry, whereby the generation of a transient species (or reactive intermediate) can be followed by a transfer step into another chemical environment, before the intermediate is reacted with a coupling partner. This concept is successfully applied to achieve a room temperature sp2–sp3 cross coupling of boronic acids with diazo compounds, these latter species being generated from hydrazones under flow conditions using MnO2 as the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc N Tran
- Innovative Technology Centre , Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative Technology Centre , Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Shing-Bong Lou
- Innovative Technology Centre , Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Joel M Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , CT 06340 , USA
| | - Steven V Ley
- Innovative Technology Centre , Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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34
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Newby JA, Blaylock DW, Witt PM, Pastre JC, Zacharova MK, Ley SV, Browne DL. Design and Application of a Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Chemistry Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Newby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Paul M. Witt
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marija K. Zacharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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35
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Gross U, Koos P, O'Brien M, Polyzos A, Ley SV. A General Continuous Flow Method for Palladium Catalysed Carbonylation Reactions Using Single and Multiple Tube-in-Tube Gas-Liquid Microreactors. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Deng Q, Shen R, Ding R, Zhang L. Generation of Ethynyl-Grignard Reagent in a Falling Film Microreactor: An Expeditious Flow Synthesis of Propargylic Alcohols and Analogues. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Ouchi T, Battilocchio C, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Process Intensification for the Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of Ethyl Nicotinate. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ouchi
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, CMC Center,
Chemical Development Laboratories, 17-85 Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawaku Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Joel M. Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative
Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, U.K
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38
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Newton S, Carter CF, Pearson CM, de C. Alves L, Lange H, Thansandote P, Ley SV. Accelerating Spirocyclic Polyketide Synthesis using Flow Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Newton S, Carter CF, Pearson CM, de C Alves L, Lange H, Thansandote P, Ley SV. Accelerating spirocyclic polyketide synthesis using flow chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4915-20. [PMID: 24729438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the integration of synthetic chemistry with flow processing has resulted in a powerful platform for molecular assembly that is making an impact throughout the chemical community. Herein, we demonstrate the extension of these tools to encompass complex natural product synthesis. We have developed a number of novel flow-through processes for reactions commonly encountered in natural product synthesis programs to achieve the first total synthesis of spirodienal A and the preparation of spirangien A methyl ester. Highlights of the synthetic route include an iridium-catalyzed hydrogenation, iterative Roush crotylations, gold-catalyzed spiroketalization and a late-stage cis-selective reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Newton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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40
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Pinho VD, Gutmann B, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of α-halo ketones: essential building blocks of antiretroviral agents. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1555-62. [PMID: 24471789 DOI: 10.1021/jo402849z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of a continuous flow process for the multistep synthesis of α-halo ketones starting from N-protected amino acids is described. The obtained α-halo ketones are chiral building blocks for the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, such as atazanavir and darunavir. The synthesis starts with the formation of a mixed anhydride in a first tubular reactor. The anhydride is subsequently combined with anhydrous diazomethane in a tube-in-tube reactor. The tube-in-tube reactor consists of an inner tube, made from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic material, enclosed in a thick-walled, impermeable outer tube. Diazomethane is generated in the inner tube in an aqueous medium, and anhydrous diazomethane subsequently diffuses through the permeable membrane into the outer chamber. The α-diazo ketone is produced from the mixed anhydride and diazomethane in the outer chamber, and the resulting diazo ketone is finally converted to the halo ketone with anhydrous ethereal hydrogen halide. This method eliminates the need to store, transport, or handle diazomethane and produces α-halo ketone building blocks in a multistep system without racemization in excellent yields. A fully continuous process allowed the synthesis of 1.84 g of α-chloro ketone from the respective N-protected amino acid within ~4.5 h (87% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner D Pinho
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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41
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Verendel JJ, Pàmies O, Diéguez M, Andersson PG. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins Using Chiral Crabtree-type Catalysts: Scope and Limitations. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2130-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400037u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Johan Verendel
- Department
of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box
576, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oscar Pàmies
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcelli Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Diéguez
- Departament
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcelli Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pher G. Andersson
- Department
of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box
576, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University Arrhenius Laboratory, SE-106
91, Stockholm, Sweden
- School
of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University Road, Westville, Durban 4041, South Africa
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42
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Kupracz L, Kirschning A. Multiple Organolithium Generation in the Continuous Flow Synthesis of Amitriptyline. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Mastronardi F, Gutmann B, Kappe CO. Continuous flow generation and reactions of anhydrous diazomethane using a Teflon AF-2400 tube-in-tube reactor. Org Lett 2013; 15:5590-3. [PMID: 24128181 DOI: 10.1021/ol4027914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A continuous process for generation, separation, and reactions of anhydrous diazomethane in a tube-in-tube reactor was developed. The inner tube of the reactor is made of hydrophobic, gas-permeable Teflon AF-2400. The diazomethane is formed in the inner tube and then diffuses through the permeable membrane into the outer chamber and subsequently reacts in the solution carried within. This technique allows safe and scalable reactions with dry diazomethane to be performed on a laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mastronardi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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44
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Murray PRD, Browne DL, Pastre JC, Butters C, Guthrie D, Ley SV. Continuous Flow-Processing of Organometallic Reagents Using an Advanced Peristaltic Pumping System and the Telescoped Flow Synthesis of (E/Z)-Tamoxifen. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Butters
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Guthrie
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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45
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Abstract
The development and application of continuous flow chemistry methods for synthesis is a rapidly growing area of research. In particular, natural products provide demanding challenges to this developing technology. This review highlights successes in the area with an emphasis on new opportunities and technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Pastre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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46
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Pastre JC, Browne DL, O’Brien M, Ley SV. Scaling Up of Continuous Flow Processes with Gases Using a Tube-in-Tube Reactor: Inline Titrations and Fanetizole Synthesis with Ammonia. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew O’Brien
- School
of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Lennard-Jones
Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Whiffen
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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47
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Buba AE, Koch S, Kunz H, Löwe H. Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-N-methylamino Acids Synthesized in a Flow Tube-in-Tube Reactor with a Liquid-Liquid Semipermeable Membrane. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Bourne SL, Ley SV. A Continuous Flow Solution to Achieving Efficient Aerobic Anti-Markovnikov Wacker Oxidation. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Ley SV, Ingham RJ, O'Brien M, Browne DL. Camera-enabled techniques for organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1051-72. [PMID: 23766820 PMCID: PMC3678607 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of time is spent within synthetic chemistry laboratories on non-value-adding activities such as sample preparation and work-up operations, and labour intensive activities such as extended periods of continued data collection. Using digital cameras connected to computer vision algorithms, camera-enabled apparatus can perform some of these processes in an automated fashion, allowing skilled chemists to spend their time more productively. In this review we describe recent advances in this field of chemical synthesis and discuss how they will lead to advanced synthesis laboratories of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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