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Hagiwara H. Introduction of Chiral Centers to α- and/or β-Positions of Carbonyl Groups by Biocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221099054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalytic asymmetric reductions of acyclic and cyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are favorable protocols for introduction of chiral centers to α- and/or β-positions of the carbonyl groups. Representative biocatalytic reductions of electron deficient olefins are compiled from a synthetic point of view according to compound types from the papers in 2012 to early 2022. Applications to syntheses of some enantiomericaly enriched perfumery ingredients are presented to show the feasibility of the biocatalytic reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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2
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Parmeggiani F, Brenna E, Colombo D, Gatti FG, Tentori F, Tessaro D. "A Study in Yellow": Investigations in the Stereoselectivity of Ene-Reductases. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100445. [PMID: 34586700 PMCID: PMC9292831 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ene‐reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) superfamily are a well‐known and efficient biocatalytic alternative for the asymmetric reduction of C=C bonds. Considering the broad variety of substituents that can be tolerated, and the excellent stereoselectivities achieved, it is apparent why these enzymes are so appealing for preparative and industrial applications. Different classes of C=C bonds activated by at least one electron‐withdrawing group have been shown to be accepted by these versatile biocatalysts in the last decades, affording a vast range of chiral intermediates employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavours, fragrances and fine chemicals. In order to access both enantiomers of reduced products, stereodivergent pairs of OYEs are desirable, but their natural occurrence is limited. The detailed knowledge of the stereochemical course of the reaction can uncover alternative strategies to orient the selectivity via mutagenesis, evolution, and substrate engineering. An overview of the ongoing studies on OYE‐mediated bioreductions will be provided, with particular focus on stereochemical investigations by deuterium labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Danilo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tentori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Tessaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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4
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Shi Q, Jia Y, Wang H, Li S, Li H, Guo J, Dou T, Qin B, You S. Identification of four ene reductases and their preliminary exploration in the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-dihydrocarvone and (R)-profen derivatives. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109880. [PMID: 34489033 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ene reductases (ERs) from the old yellow enzymes (OYEs) family have the ability to reduce activated alkenes to generate up to two stereocenters, therefore they have been received extensive attention as powerful biocatalysts. In this study, through gene mining, four ERs were identified from the genomes of Ensifer adhaerens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas veronil. The biocatalytic properties of these four ERs were identified, and their applications in the synthesis process of dihydrocarvone and profen derivatives were further evaluated. Among them, three ERs (EaER2, PvER1, and PvER2) belonging to the classic OYEs showed the best catalytic activity at 30 °C and pH 7.0 (100 mM potassium phosphate buffer) and the PfER2, which belongs to the thermophilic-like OYEs exhibited the best catalytic at 40 °C and pH 7.0 (100 mM potassium phosphate buffer). When exploring the influence of organic solvents on the catalytic efficiency, it was found that the four ERs were more sensitive to toluene and had tolerance to several other selected organic solvents. In addition, EaER2, PfER2, PvER1 and PvER2 showed excellent catalytic activity toward carvone, and the stereoselectivity of PvER2 toward carvone could reach up to 88.7 % de. EaER2 and PfER2 can catalyze the synthesis of a variety of profen derivatives with a stereoselectivity over 99 % ee. Moreover, through homology modeling and molecular docking, we preliminarily explained the mechanism of catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of the four ERs, which provided a solid base on the rational design of their stereo-preference in the future. The discovery of EaER2, PfER2, PvER1, and PvER2 provides four new enzyme sources for the study of the OYEs family and enriches the biocatalytic toolbox of ERs. Our exploration of the enzymatic properties of these four ERs will provide the sufficient data basis for future research and industrialization progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Jia
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyu Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Dou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song You
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Winkler C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Power of Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:55-71. [PMID: 33532569 PMCID: PMC7844857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph
K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Velikogne S, Breukelaar WB, Hamm F, Glabonjat RA, Kroutil W. C=C-Ene-Reductases Reduce the C=N Bond of Oximes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13377-13382. [PMID: 33251037 PMCID: PMC7685226 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although enzymes have been found for many reactions, there are still transformations for which no enzyme is known. For instance, not a single defined enzyme has been described for the reduction of the C=N bond of an oxime, only whole organisms. Such an enzymatic reduction of an oxime may give access to (chiral) amines. By serendipity, we found that the oxime moiety adjacent to a ketone as well as an ester group can be reduced by ene-reductases (ERs) to an intermediate amino group. ERs are well-known enzymes for the reduction of activated alkenes, as of α,β-unsaturated ketones. For the specific substrate used here, the amine intermediate spontaneously reacts further to tetrasubstituted pyrazines. This reduction reaction represents an unexpected promiscuous activity of ERs expanding the toolkit of transformations using enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Velikogne
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Willem B. Breukelaar
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Old yellow enzymes: structures and structure-guided engineering for stereocomplementary bioreduction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8155-8170. [PMID: 32830294 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of old yellow enzyme 1 (OYE1) from Saccharomyces pastorianus in 1932, biocatalytic asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes by OYEs has become a valuable reaction in organic synthesis. To access stereocomplementary C=C-bond bioreduction, the mining of novel OYEs and especially the protein engineering of existing OYEs have been performed, which successfully achieved the stereocomplementary reduction in several cases and further raise the potential of applications. In this review, we analyzed the structures, active sites, and substrate recognition of OYEs, which are the bases for their substrate specificity and stereospecificity. Sequence similarity network of OYEs superfamily was also constructed to investigate the scope of characterized OYEs. The structure-guided engineering to switch the stereoselectivity of OYEs and thus access stereocomplementary bioreduction over the last decade (2009-2020) was then reviewed and discussed, which might give new insights into the mining and engineering of related biocatalysts. KEY POINTS: • The sequence similarity network of OYEs superfamily was constructed and annotated. • The structures and active sites of OYEs from different classes were compared. • "Left/right" binding mode was used to explain the stereopreferences of OYEs. • Structure-guided engineering of OYEs to switch their stereoselectivity was reviewed.
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8
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Abstract
Ene reductases enable the asymmetric hydrogenation of activated alkenes allowing the manufacture of valuable chiral products. The enzymes complement existing metal- and organocatalytic approaches for the stereoselective reduction of activated C=C double bonds, and efforts to expand the biocatalytic toolbox with additional ene reductases are of high academic and industrial interest. Here, we present the characterization of a novel ene reductase from Paenibacillus polymyxa, named Ppo-Er1, belonging to the recently identified subgroup III of the old yellow enzyme family. The determination of substrate scope, solvent stability, temperature, and pH range of Ppo-Er1 is one of the first examples of a detailed biophysical characterization of a subgroup III enzyme. Notably, Ppo-Er1 possesses a wide temperature optimum (Topt: 20–45 °C) and retains high conversion rates of at least 70% even at 10 °C reaction temperature making it an interesting biocatalyst for the conversion of temperature-labile substrates. When assaying a set of different organic solvents to determine Ppo-Er1′s solvent tolerance, the ene reductase exhibited good performance in up to 40% cyclohexane as well as 20 vol% DMSO and ethanol. In summary, Ppo-Er1 exhibited activity for thirteen out of the nineteen investigated compounds, for ten of which Michaelis–Menten kinetics could be determined. The enzyme exhibited the highest specificity constant for maleimide with a kcat/KM value of 287 mM−1 s−1. In addition, Ppo-Er1 proved to be highly enantioselective for selected substrates with measured enantiomeric excess values of 92% or higher for 2-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, citral, and carvone.
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9
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Zhang Q, Wu ZM, Liu S, Tang XL, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active Pregabalin from Racemic Isobutylsuccinonitrile. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Winkler CK, Faber K, Hall M. Biocatalytic reduction of activated CC-bonds and beyond: emerging trends. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:97-105. [PMID: 29275291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biocatalytic reduction of activated CC-bonds is dominated by ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme family, which gained broad practical use owing to exquisite stereoselectivity combined with wide substrate scope. Protein diversity is fostered by mining distinct protein classes and by implementing protein engineering techniques. Recent efforts are focusing on expanding the chemical complexity of the product portfolio, either through substrate functionalization or design of multi-step reactions. This review also highlights unusual chemistries catalyzed by ene-reductases and presents emerging methodologies developed to bypass the need of natural nicotinamide cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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11
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Janicki I, Kiełbasiński P, Turrini NG, Faber K, Hall M. Asymmetric Bioreduction of β-Activated Vinylphosphonate Derivatives Using Ene-Reductases. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Janicki
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies; Polish Academy of Sciences; Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
| | - Piotr Kiełbasiński
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry; Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies; Polish Academy of Sciences; Sienkiewicza 112 90-363 Łódź Poland
| | - Nikolaus G. Turrini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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12
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Castro Agudelo B, Cárdenas JC, Macías MA, Ochoa-Puentes C, Sierra CA. Crystal structure of ethyl ( E)-2-cyano-3-(thio-phen-2-yl)acrylate: two conformers forming a discrete disorder. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:1287-1289. [PMID: 28932456 PMCID: PMC5588562 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017010799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C10H9NO2S, all the non-H atoms, except for the ethyl fragment, lie nearly in the same plane. Despite the mol-ecular planarity, the ethyl fragment presents more than one conformation, giving rise to a discrete disorder, which was modelled with two different crystallographic sites for the eth-oxy O and eth-oxy α-C atoms, with occupancy values of 0.5. In the crystal, the three-dimensional array is mainly directed by C-H⋯(O,N) inter-actions, giving rise to inversion dimers with R22(10) and R22(14) motifs and infinite chains running along the [100] direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Castro Agudelo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juan C. Cárdenas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Mario A. Macías
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18A-12, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Cesar A. Sierra
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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13
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Hönig M, Sondermann P, Turner NJ, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Chemo- and Biocatalysis: Partners in Retrosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8942-8973. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hönig
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sondermann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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14
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Hönig M, Sondermann P, Turner NJ, Carreira EM. Enantioselektive Chemo- und Biokatalyse: Partner in der Retrosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hönig
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Philipp Sondermann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology & School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
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15
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Old Yellow Enzyme-Catalysed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Linking Family Roots with Improved Catalysis. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Ordóñez M, Cativiela C, Romero-Estudillo I. An update on the stereoselective synthesis of γ-amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318;
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18
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Knaus T, Mutti FG, Humphreys LD, Turner NJ, Scrutton NS. Systematic methodology for the development of biocatalytic hydrogen-borrowing cascades: application to the synthesis of chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids from α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:223-33. [PMID: 25372591 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases (ERs) are flavin dependent enzymes that catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated carbon-carbon double bonds. In particular, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (e.g. enals and enones) as well as nitroalkenes are rapidly reduced. Conversely, α,β-unsaturated esters are poorly accepted substrates whereas free carboxylic acids are not converted at all. The only exceptions are α,β-unsaturated diacids, diesters as well as esters bearing an electron-withdrawing group in α- or β-position. Here, we present an alternative approach that has a general applicability for directly obtaining diverse chiral α-substituted carboxylic acids. This approach combines two enzyme classes, namely ERs and aldehyde dehydrogenases (Ald-DHs), in a concurrent reductive-oxidative biocatalytic cascade. This strategy has several advantages as the starting material is an α-substituted α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, a class of compounds extremely reactive for the reduction of the alkene moiety. Furthermore no external hydride source from a sacrificial substrate (e.g. glucose, formate) is required since the hydride for the first reductive step is liberated in the second oxidative step. Such a process is defined as a hydrogen-borrowing cascade. This methodology has wide applicability as it was successfully applied to the synthesis of chiral substituted hydrocinnamic acids, aliphatic acids, heterocycles and even acetylated amino acids with elevated yield, chemo- and stereo-selectivity. A systematic methodology for optimizing the hydrogen-borrowing two-enzyme synthesis of α-chiral substituted carboxylic acids was developed. This systematic methodology has general applicability for the development of diverse hydrogen-borrowing processes that possess the highest atom efficiency and the lowest environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knaus
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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