1
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Jo HY, Lee JM, Pietrasiak E, Lee E, Rhee YH, Park J. Generation of N-H Imines from α-Azidocarboxylic Acids through Ru-Catalyzed Decarboxylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17409-17417. [PMID: 34752090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of N-H imines from α-azidocarboxylic acids was developed, which proceeds through decarboxylative C-C bond cleavage catalyzed by a commercial diruthenium complex ([CpRu(CO)2]2) under visible light irradiation at room temperature within several minutes. The reactive products undergo condensation, which forms cyclic trimers (2,4,6-trialkylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazines) or linear N,N'-bis(arylmethylidene)arylmethanediamines in quantitative yields. Alternatively, the N-H imines can be trapped with benzylamine and 2-(aminomethyl)aniline, providing stable N-benylimines and tetrahydroquinazolines, respectively. Subsequent oxidation of tetrahydroquinazolines produced quinazolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Yul Jo
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ewa Pietrasiak
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Lyu X, Zhang J, Kim D, Seo S, Chang S. Merging NiH Catalysis and Inner-Sphere Metal-Nitrenoid Transfer for Hydroamidation of Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5867-5877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lyu
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Seo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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3
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Gujjarappa R, Vodnala N, Malakar CC. Comprehensive Strategies for the Synthesis of Isoquinolines: Progress Since 2008. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Imphal 795004 Manipur India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Imphal 795004 Manipur India
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Imphal 795004 Manipur India
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4
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Lee JM, Bae DY, Park JY, Jo HY, Lee E, Rhee YH, Park J. Concurrent Formation of N–H Imines and Carbonyl Compounds by Ruthenium-Catalyzed C–C Bond Cleavage of β-Hydroxy Azides. Org Lett 2020; 22:4608-4613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Bae
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Yul Jo
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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5
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Debbarma S, Bera SS, Maji MS. Harnessing Stereospecific Z-Enamides through Silver-Free Cp*Rh(III) Catalysis by Using Isoxazoles as Masked Electrophiles. Org Lett 2019; 21:835-839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Debbarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sourav Sekhar Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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6
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Takeda N, Arisawa N, Miyamoto M, Kobori Y, Shinada T, Miyata O, Ueda M. Reagent-controlled regiodivergence in the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of N-(acyloxy)enamides. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A regiodivergent [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of N-(acyloxy)enamides based on the N–O bond cleavage is achieved by changing reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Okiko Miyata
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University
- Kobe 658-858
- Japan
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
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7
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Li Y, Liu CF, Liu XY, Xu YJ, Dong L. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed tandem reaction: efficient synthesis of dihydrobenzo thiadiazine 1-oxide derivatives. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00112c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A tandem annulation reaction triggered by rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H bond functionalizations has been well developed for highly efficient synthesis of dihydrobenzo thiadiazine 1-oxide derivatives from free NH-sulfoximine and two-component benzyl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Sichuan Normal University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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8
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Suleymanov AA, Scopelliti R, Fadaei Tirani F, Severin K. One-Pot Synthesis of Trisubstituted Triazenes from Grignard Reagents and Organic Azides. Org Lett 2018; 20:3323-3326. [PMID: 29757651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and versatile method for the preparation of linear, trisubstituted triazenes is reported. The procedure is based on the reaction of Grignard reagents with 1-azido-4-iodobutane or 4-azidobutyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate. These organic azides enable the regioselective formation of triazenes via an intramolecular cyclization step. The new method can be used for the preparation of aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, and alkyl triazenes. The synthetic utility of vinyl triazenes is demonstrated by acid-induced C-N, C-O, C-F, C-P, and C-S bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdusalom A Suleymanov
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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9
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Yang T, Fan X, Zhao X, Yu W. Iron-Catalyzed Acyl Migration of Tertiary α-Azidyl Ketones: Synthetic Approach toward Enamides and Isoquinolones. Org Lett 2018; 20:1875-1879. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Wang L, Neumann H, Spannenberg A, Beller M. An Efficient Protocol to Synthesize N-Acyl-enamides and -Imines by Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylations. Chemistry 2018; 24:2164-2172. [PMID: 29171680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the bidentate phosphinite ligand 1,2-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinoxy)ethane (tBu2 POCH2 CH2 OPtBu2 ) was synthesized. In the presence of this ligand, various N-acyl enamides were obtained in good yields and chemoselectivity by Pd-catalyzed carbonylation reaction of imines containing α-H. Meanwhile, imines without α-H could be transformed to N-acyl imines, which form highly hindered amides by straightforward addition of Grignard reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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11
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Sun D, Zhang R. Transition-metal-free, visible-light-induced oxidative cross-coupling for constructing β-acetylamino acrylosulfones from sodium sulfinates and enamides. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced, Rose Bengal catalyzed photoredox process for synthesizing β-acetylamino acrylosulfones has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Sun
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability
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12
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Hu L, Liu YA, Liao X. In situ generation of N-unsubstituted imines from alkyl azides and their applications for imine transfer via copper catalysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700826. [PMID: 28808683 PMCID: PMC5550227 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although azides have been widely used in nitrene transfer reactions, in situ generation of N-H imines from azides for downstream transformations has rarely been explored. We report copper-mediated formation of N-unsubstituted aliphatic imines from easily available aliphatic azides using a customized phenanthroline-based ligand (L1*). Through trapping in situ-generated N-H imines, multisubstituted pyridines or indoles were readily synthesized. 13C-labeled azide was used as part of an isotope labeling study, which suggests that the construction of pyridine derivatives involves a three-component dehydrogenative condensation. The construction of 2,3,5-triaryl pyridines using this method provided evidence supporting a proposed pathway involving both imine formation and abnormal Chichibabin pyridine synthesis. The generation of N-unsubstituted imine intermediates was also confirmed by formation of indole derivatives from alkyl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yahu A. Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Kwon Y, Rhee YH, Park J. Chemoselective, Isomerization-Free Synthesis of N
-Acylketimines from N-H Imines. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yearang Kwon
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Pohang 37673 Korea
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14
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Kano T, Kobayashi R, Maruoka K. Synthesis of N-Boc-Propargylic and Allylic Amines by Reaction of Organomagnesium Reagents with N-Boc-Aminals and Their Oxidation to N-Boc-Ketimines. Org Lett 2016; 18:276-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kobayashi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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15
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Kwon Y, Jeon M, Park JY, Rhee YH, Park J. Synthesis of 1H-azadienes and application to one-pot organic transformations. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26230e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1H-Azadienes were synthesized from allyl azides by ruthenium catalysis under mild and neutral conditions. Applications of the 1H-azadienes were demonstrated for the one-pot synthesis of nitrogen containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yearang Kwon
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Mina Jeon
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Jin Yong Park
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang
- Korea
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16
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Kim Y, Pak HK, Rhee YH, Park J. Catalytic transformation of esters of 1,2-azido alcohols into α-amido ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6549-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The esters of 1,2-azido alcohols were transformed into α-amido ketones without external oxidants through the Ru-catalyzed formation of N–H imines with the liberation of N2 followed by intramolecular migration of the acyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang 790-784
- Korea
| | - Han Kyu Pak
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang 790-784
- Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang 790-784
- Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry
- POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology)
- Pohang 790-784
- Korea
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17
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Synthesis of Enamides by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reaction of Alkyl Azides with Acid Anhydrides in Ionic Liquid. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Tandem synthesis of 2-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles from α-arylhydrazonoketones with NH4OAc via copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Jeon M, Gupta S, Im YW, Rhee YH, Park J. Fast and Complete Transimination of NH Imines intoO-Alkyl Oximes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Gupta S, Han J, Kim Y, Lee SW, Rhee YH, Park J. C–H Activation Guided by Aromatic N–H Ketimines: Synthesis of Functionalized Isoquinolines Using Benzyl Azides and Alkynes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9094-103. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501465q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Natural Science Campus, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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