1
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Ikeda R, Nishio T, Kanomata K, Akai S. Nucleophilic Deprotection of p-Methoxybenzyl Ethers Using Heterogeneous Oxovanadium Catalyst. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:213-219. [PMID: 38382974 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Nucleophilic deprotection of p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) [p-methoxyphenylmethyl (MPM)] ethers was developed using a heterogeneous oxovanadium catalyst V-MPS4 and a thiol nucleophile. The deprotection method had a wide reaction scope, including PMB ethers of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols bearing various functional groups. In addition, the PMB ether of an oxidation-labile natural product was successfully removed by V-MPS4 catalysis, while a common oxidative method of PMB deprotection afforded a complex mixture. The V-MPS4 catalyst was reusable up to six times without a significant loss in the product yield. The advantages of using the heterogeneous catalyst were further demonstrated by conducting the deprotection reaction in a continuous flow process, which resulted in a 2.7-fold higher catalyst turnover number and 60-fold higher turnover frequency compared to those of the corresponding batch reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Tomoya Nishio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kyohei Kanomata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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2
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Wang Y, Lang Y, Yang Q, Wu P. Breaking the Photostability and pH Limitation of Halo-Fluoresceins through Chitosan Conjugation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210956. [PMID: 36738115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Halo-fluoresceins are widely used in cell and tissue staining, intracellular sensing, and photodynamic therapy, but their notorious photo-instability and pH dependence restrict their applications, especially in long-term visible light exposure and acidic environments. To overcome these limitations, here a strategy is proposed of conjugating chitosan with the carboxyl group of halo-fluorescein (CS-halofluorescein). The cross-linked polymer chains and the hydrogen-bonding networks of chitosan help shielding out 1 O2 from direct attacking the encapsulated halo-fluoresceins, leading to a two orders of magnitude lower photobleaching rate. Meanwhile, the condensation of primary amines of chitosan with the carboxyl group on halo-fluorescein blocks the pH-dependent intramolecular spirocyclization, leading to pH-inert fluorescein derivatives. The greatly improved photostability and pH inertness of CS-halofluoresceins can be harvested for aerobic photoredox synthesis and photodynamic bacteria inactivation in extremely acidic media. Moreover, food additive nature of chitosan and erythrosine (TIF) and excellent film-forming property of chitosan allow coating-based light-assisted preservation of perishable fruits, leading to appreciably extended shelf life of fruits (e.g., perishable strawberry, rt: > 3 days; 4 °C: > 5 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Analytical and Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yunhe Lang
- Analytical and Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Qin Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Analytical and Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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3
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Deprotection of benzyl-derived groups via photochemically mesolytic cleavage of C–N and C–O bonds. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Bhuyan S, Mandal S, Jana S, Chhetri K, Roy BG. Efficient greener visible light catalyzed debenzylation of benzyl ethers and esters: A gateway to wider exploitation of stable benzyl protecting group. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saibal Jana
- University of Liverpool Chemistry Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Biswajit Gopal Roy
- Sikkim University Chemistry 6th Mile, TadongGangtokSikkim 737102 Gangtok INDIA
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5
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Cavedon C, Sletten ET, Madani A, Niemeyer O, Seeberger PH, Pieber B. Visible-Light-Mediated Oxidative Debenzylation Enables the Use of Benzyl Ethers as Temporary Protecting Groups. Org Lett 2021; 23:514-518. [PMID: 33400534 PMCID: PMC7880570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of benzyl ethers by catalytic hydrogenolysis or Birch reduction suffers from poor functional group compatibility and limits their use as a protecting group. The visible-light-mediated debenzylation disclosed here renders benzyl ethers temporary protective groups, enabling new orthogonal protection strategies. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) as a stoichiometric or catalytic photooxidant, benzyl ethers can be cleaved in the presence of azides, alkenes, and alkynes. The reaction time can be reduced from hours to minutes in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cavedon
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric T. Sletten
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amiera Madani
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Niemeyer
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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7
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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8
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Ahn DK, Kang YW, Woo SK. Oxidative Deprotection of p-Methoxybenzyl Ethers via Metal-Free Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3612-3623. [PMID: 30781954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and greener deprotection method for p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ethers using a metal-free visible light photoredox catalyst and air and ammonium persulfate as the terminal oxidants is presented. Various functional groups and protecting groups were tolerated in the developed method to achieve good to excellent yields in short reaction times. Significantly, the developed method was compatible with PMB ethers derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and a gram-scale reaction. Mechanistic studies support a proposed reaction mechanism that involves single electron oxidation of the PMB ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Kyun Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
| | - Young Woo Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
| | - Sang Kook Woo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
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9
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Xu J, Liu N, Zou L, Cheng F, Shen X, Liu T, Lv H, Khan R, Fan B. Visible-Light Driven Hydrolysis of Benzyl Halides with Water for Preparation of Benzyl Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Xu
- Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials Pollution Control Research Center; Qujing Normal University; Qujing 655011 China
| | - Na Liu
- Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials Pollution Control Research Center; Qujing Normal University; Qujing 655011 China
| | - Lingling Zou
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine/Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Feixiang Cheng
- Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials Pollution Control Research Center; Qujing Normal University; Qujing 655011 China
| | - Xianfu Shen
- Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials Pollution Control Research Center; Qujing Normal University; Qujing 655011 China
| | - Teng Liu
- Yunnan Guizhou Plateau Chemical Functional Materials Pollution Control Research Center; Qujing Normal University; Qujing 655011 China
| | - Haiping Lv
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine/Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ruhima Khan
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine/Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; Kunming 650500 China
| | - Baomin Fan
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine/Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; Yunnan Minzu University; Kunming 650500 China
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10
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Reed NL, Herman MI, Miltchev VP, Yoon TP. Photocatalytic Oxyamination of Alkenes: Copper(II) Salts as Terminal Oxidants in Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2018; 20:7345-7350. [PMID: 30407833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalytic method for the oxyamination of alkenes using simple nucleophilic nitrogen atom sources in place of prefunctionalized electrophilic nitrogen atom donors is reported. Copper(II) is an inexpensive, practical, and uniquely effective terminal oxidant for this process. In contrast to oxygen, peroxides, and similar oxidants commonly utilized in non-photochemical oxidative methods, the use of copper(II) as a terminal oxidant in photoredox reactions avoids the formation of reactive heteroatom-centered radical intermediates that can be incompatible with electron-rich functional groups. As a demonstration of the generality of this concept, it has been shown that diamination and deoxygenation reactions can also be accomplished using similar photooxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Reed
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Madeline I Herman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Vladimir P Miltchev
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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11
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Wei G, Basheer C, Tan CH, Jiang Z. Visible light photocatalysis in chemoselective functionalization of C(sp 3 ) H bonds enabled by organic dyes. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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13
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Jarrige L, Carboni A, Dagousset G, Levitre G, Magnier E, Masson G. Photoredox-Catalyzed Three-Component Tandem Process: An Assembly of Complex Trifluoromethylated Phthalans and Isoindolines. Org Lett 2016; 18:2906-9. [PMID: 27276522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel photoredox-mediated tandem three-component process afforded a wide variety of CF3-containing phthalans and isoindolines in respectable yields and with moderate to excellent diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jarrige
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aude Carboni
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.,Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin , 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Levitre
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin , 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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14
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Xiang M, Meng QY, Gao XW, Lei T, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Reactivity and mechanistic insight into the cross coupling reaction between isochromans and β-keto esters through C–H bond activation under visible light irradiation. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond next to an oxygen atom from two different C–H bonds is realized by oxidative photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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15
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Xiang M, Meng QY, Li JX, Zheng YW, Ye C, Li ZJ, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Activation of CH Bonds through Oxidant-Free Photoredox Catalysis: Cross-Coupling Hydrogen-Evolution Transformation of Isochromans and β-Keto Esters. Chemistry 2015; 21:18080-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Angnes RA, Li Z, Correia CRD, Hammond GB. Recent synthetic additions to the visible light photoredox catalysis toolbox. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9152-67. [PMID: 26242759 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The boom in visible light photoredox catalysis (VLPC) research has demonstrated that this novel synthetic approach is here to stay. VLPC enables reactive radical intermediates to be catalytically generated at ambient temperature, a feat not generally allowed through traditional pyrolysis- or radical initiator-based methodologies. VLPC has vastly extended the range of substrates and reaction schemes that have been traditionally the domain of radical reactions. In this review the photophysics background of VLPC will be briefly discussed, followed by a report on recent inroads of VLPC into decarboxylative couplings and radical C-H functionalization of aromatic compounds. The bulk of the review will be dedicated to advances in synergistic catalysis involving VLPC, namely the combination of photoredox catalysis with organocatalysis, including β-functionalization of carbonyl groups, functionalization of weak aliphatic C-H bonds, and anti-Markovnikov hydrofunctionalization of alkenes; dual catalysis with gold or with nickel, photoredox catalysis as an oxidation promoter in transition metal catalysis, and acid-catalyzed enantioselective radical addition to π systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Angnes
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas - Unicamp C.P. 6154, CEP. 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Iqbal N, Cho EJ. Formation of Carbonyl Compounds from Amines through Oxidative CN Bond Cleavage using Visible Light Photocatalysis and Applications toN-PMB-Amide Deprotection. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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