1
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Tu L, Li S, Gao LM, Tang BW, Zheng YS, Liu JK. Cooperative Rh/Achiral Phosphoric Acid-Enabled [3+3] Cycloannulation of Carbonyl Ylides with Quinone Monoimines: Synthesis of Benzofused Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9031-9042. [PMID: 38829824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A cooperative Rh/achiral phosphoric acid-enabled [3+3] cycloaddition of in situ-generated carbonyl ylides with quinone monoimines has been developed. With the ability to build up the molecular complexity rapidly and efficiently, this method furnishes highly functionalized oxa-bridged benzofused dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane scaffolds bearing two quaternary centers in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Moreover, the utility of the current method was demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis and elaboration of the products into various functionalized oxa-bridged heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li-Mei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bo-Wei Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National Demonstration Center for Experimental Ethnopharmacology Education, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Zhao Q, Yu L, Zhang YD, Guo YQ, Chen M, Ren ZH, Guan ZH. C(alkyl)-C(vinyl) bond cleavage enabled by Retro-Pallada-Diels-Alder reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2572. [PMID: 37142571 PMCID: PMC10160084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation and cleavage of carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds is a fundamental transformation in organic chemistry while inert C-C bonds cleavage remains a long-standing challenge. Retro-Diels-Alder (retro-DA) reaction is a well-known and important tool for C-C bonds cleavage but less been explored in methodology by contrast to other strategies. Herein, we report a selective C(alkyl)-C(vinyl) bond cleavage strategy realized through the transient directing group mediated retro-Diels-Alder reaction of a six-membered palladacycle, which is obtained from an in situ generated hydrazone and palladium hydride species. This unprecedented strategy exhibits good tolerances and thus offers new opportunities for late-stage modifications of complex molecules. DFT calculations revealed that an intriguing retro-Pd(IV)-Diels-Alder process is possibly involved in the catalytic cycle, thus bridging both Retro-Diels-Alder reaction and C-C bond cleavage. We anticipate that this strategy should prove instrumental for potential applications to achieve the modification of functional organic skeletons in synthetic chemistry and other fields involving in molecular editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P.R. China.
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3
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Wu HH, Fan XZ, Tang Z, Zhang H, Cai LY, Bi XF, Zhao HW. Palladium-Catalyzed Formal (5 + 6) Cycloaddition of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Isatoic Anhydrides for the Synthesis of Medium-Sized N, O-Containing Heterocycles. Org Lett 2021; 23:2802-2806. [PMID: 33739841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under the reaction conditions of Pd(PPh3)4 (2.5 mol %) and PPh3 (10 mol %) in EtOAc at 60 °C, the formal (5 + 6) cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with isatoic anhydrides proceeded smoothly and furnished medium-sized N,O-containing heterocycles in reasonable chemical yields. The chemical structures of the title products were clearly identified by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Wu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Zu Fan
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Tang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Yu Cai
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fan Bi
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
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4
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Gao Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Miao Z. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of a 1,2,4-Benzotriazepine Skeleton via Diastereo- and Enantioselective Decarboxylative [4 + 3] Cyclization. Org Lett 2021; 23:2415-2420. [PMID: 33709719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a protocol for palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative [4 + 3] cycloaddition reactions between 4-vinyl benzoxazinanones and azomethine imines to generate moderate to good yields of structurally diverse 1,2,4-benzotriazepines bearing two stereogenic centers with good to excellent stereoselectivities. This protocol not only addresses the challenge of asymmetrically constructing compounds with a 1,2,4-benzotriazepine skeleton but also demonstrates the utility of decarboxylative cycloadditions for the synthesis of enantioenriched polycyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuange Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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5
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Lam H, Lautens M, Abel-Snape X, Köllen MF. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Free (4+3)-Annulations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract(4+3)-Annulations are incredibly versatile reactions which combine a 4-atom synthon and a 3-atom synthon to form both 7-membered carbocycles as well as heterocycles. We have previously reviewed transition-metal-catalyzed (4+3)-annulations. In this review, we will cover examples involving bases, NHCs, phosphines, Lewis and Brønsted acids as well as some rare examples of boronic acid catalysis and photocatalysis. In analogy to our previous review, we exclude annulations involving cyclic dienes like furan, pyrrole, cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene, as Chiu, Harmata, Fernándes and others have recently published reviews encompassing such substrates. We will however discuss the recent additions (2010–2020) to the literature on (4+3)-annulations involving other types of 4-atom-synthons.1 Introduction2 Bases3 Annulations Using N-Heterocyclic Carbenes3.1 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs)3.2 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Base Dual-Activation4 Phosphines5 Acids5.1 Lewis Acids5.2 Brønsted Acids6 Boronic Acid Catalysis and Photocatalysis7 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Lam
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Xavier Abel-Snape
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto
| | - Martin F. Köllen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie und Biochemie
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6
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Zhang X, Pan Y, Wang H, Liang C, Ma X, Jiao W, Shao H. Strategy to Construct 1,2,3‐Triazoles by K
2
CO
3
‐Mediated [4+1] Annulation Reactions of
N
‐Acetyl Hydrazones with Bifunctional Amino Reagents. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zhang
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Hongyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Chem & APIs. Industrial Zone, Linhai Taizhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liang
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Huawu Shao
- Natural Products Research Centre,Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu People's Republic of China
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7
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Formal [5+2] Cycloaddition of Vinyloxiranes with Oxazol‐5‐(4
H
)‐ones: A Facile Approach for Construction of Seven‐Membered Lactones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Yuan WC, Quan BX, Zhao JQ, You Y, Wang ZH, Zhou MQ. [4 + 2] Annulation Reaction of In Situ Generated Azoalkenes with Azlactones: Access to 4,5-Dihydropyridazin-3(2 H)-Ones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11812-11821. [PMID: 32856456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented [4 + 2] annulation reaction between in situ formed azoalkenes and azlactones has been developed. This reaction provides a facile access to an array of 4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives, which are very promising in medicinal applications as potential biologically active candidates. Notably, these dihydropyridazinones could also be synthesized via a one-pot reaction protocol by using the in situ formed azlactones from N-acyl amino acids and in situ generated azoalkenes from α-halogeno hydrazones. The potential applications of the methodology were also demonstrated by gram-scale experiments and the versatile conversions of the products into other nitrogen-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bao-Xue Quan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Li Z, Li S, Kan T, Wang X, Xin X, Hou Y, Gong P. Silver(I)‐ and Base‐Mediated formal [4+3] Cycloaddition of
in Situ
generated 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐dienes with
C,N
‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines: An Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of Tetrazepine Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zefei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaikang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical EngineeringShenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
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10
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Pan L, Jin F, Fu R, Gao K, Zhou S, Bao X. Oxidative Ring-Opening of 1H
-Pyrazol-5-amines and Its Application in Constructing Pyrazolo-Pyrrolo-Pyrazine Scaffolds by Domino Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Feng Jin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Rui Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Ke Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shaofang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou Jiangsu China
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11
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Quan BX, Zhuo JR, Zhao JQ, Zhang ML, Zhou MQ, Zhang XM, Yuan WC. [4 + 1] annulation reaction of cyclic pyridinium ylides with in situ generated azoalkenes for the construction of spirocyclic skeletons. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1886-1891. [PMID: 32104832 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new types of cyclic pyridinium ylides were designed and further used in reactions with azoalkenes to access structurally diverse spirocyclic compounds. A range of spiropyrazoline oxindoles could be smoothly obtained in up to 99% yield via a [4 + 1] annulation process with oxindole 3-pyridinium ylides as C1 synthons. Similarly, a series of spiropyrazoline indanones could be prepared with indanone 2-pyridinium ylides as C1 synthons. This work represents the first example of cyclic pyridinium ylides as C1 synthons for the efficient construction of spirocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xue Quan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun-Rui Zhuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Ming-Liang Zhang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Pharmaceuticals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. and Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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12
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Duan L, Wang X, Gu Y, Hou Y, Gong P. Regioselective construction of pyridazine and tetrahydrocinnoline derivatives via [4 + 2] cycloaddition–elimination with α-halogeno hydrazones and enaminones. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the de novo construction of pyridazine scaffolds via a [4 + 2] cycloaddition–elimination reaction with α-halogeno hydrazones and enaminones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Center
- Berkshire RG42 6EY
- UK
| | - Yunlei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Ping Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
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13
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Yin W, Fang L, Wang Z, Gao F, Li Z, Wang Z. Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.1.0]tetrahydropyridazines by a Sequential [4 + 2] and [1 + 2] Annulation Reaction of Azoalkenes and Crotonate-Derived Sulfur Ylides. Org Lett 2019; 21:7361-7364. [PMID: 31483675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The base-induced unprecedented tandem [4 + 2] and [1 + 2] annulation reaction of in situ formed 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes and crotonate-derived sulfur ylides is reported. This protocol provides a novel and practical method for the synthesis of cyclopropane-fused tetrahydropyridazines with a quaternary carbon center in synthetically useful yield. In this tandem reaction, three new bonds were formed in one pot, and the crotonate-derived sulfur ylide serves as a C3 synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Ling Fang
- College of Environment and Resources , Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Fang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Zhefeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
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14
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Chen Z, Meng L, Ding Z, Hu J. Construction of Versatile N-Heterocycles from in situ Generated 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190227162840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic architectures are omnipresent in many bioactive natural
products, synthetic drugs, and materials science, thus have evoked a vast research interest
of academic, as well as industrial chemists. Recently, several efficient methods have been
developed for the preparation of various nitrogen-containing compounds with in situ generated
1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes from the easily available precursors including α -haloketohydrazones,
α-hydroxyl ketohydrazones, thiadiazole dioxides or their analogues, and
other simple hydrazones. These methods are considered powerful tools in the synthesis of
five-, six- and seven-membered ring heterocyclic compounds with good to excellent levels
of conversions and selectivities. This review mainly summarizes recent advances on the
chemistry of construction of versatile N-heterocycles from in situ generated 1,2-diaza-1,3-
dienes and presents an extensive summary of the application scopes and limitations of the corresponding cyclization
reactions. Moreover, enantioselective approaches are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangpei Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Lingxin Meng
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ding
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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15
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Abstract
Nitrones are important compounds and are highly useful in many aspects. The first part describes the methods for synthesis of nitrones, which are useful and environmentally friendly. Catalytic oxidations, condensations, and other useful reactions are described. The nitrones thus obtained are key intermediates for the synthesis of biologically important nitrogen compounds. The second part describes the fundamental transformations of nitrones, which will provide the strategies and means for the construction of nitrogen compounds. The reactions with nucleophiles or radicals, C-H functionalization, and various addition reactions are described. The last reactions are particularly important for highly selective carbon-carbon bond formations. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions are excluded because the size of the review is limited and excellent reviews have been published in Chemical Reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichi Murahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , 1-3, Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Tokushima University , 2-1, Minamijosanjima , Tokushima 770-8506 , Japan
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16
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Wei L, Shen C, Hu YZ, Tao HY, Wang CJ. Enantioselective synthesis of multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles using azoalkenes as key intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6672-6684. [PMID: 31134230 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02371b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chiral multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as pyrazole, imidazole and pyridazine, are widely found in naturally occurring organic compounds and pharmaceuticals, and hence, their stereoselective and efficient synthesis is an important issue in organic synthesis. Out of the variety of methods that have been developed over the past century, the catalytic asymmetric cyclization and cycloaddition reactions are recognized as the most synthetically useful strategies due to their step-, atom- and redox-economic nature. In particular, the recently developed annulation reactions using azoalkenes as key intermediates show their great ability to construct diverse types of multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles. In this feature article, we critically analyse the strategic development and the efficient transformation of azoalkenes to chiral heterocycles and α-functionalized ketone derivatives since 2010. The plausible mechanism for each reaction model is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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17
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Cheng B, Li Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Li H, Li Y, Zhai H. Pyridinium 1,4-zwitterionic thiolates as a useful class of sulfur-containing synthons: application to the synthesis of 2,5-dihydro-1,4,5-thiadiazepines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14606-14608. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08326j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A class of air-stable, odorless, easy-to-handle, and readily available sulfur-containing synthons that react with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes to afford 2,5-dihydro-1,4,5-thiadiazepines is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cheng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Yuntong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Taimin Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine
- Shenzhen Polytechnic
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
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18
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Lopes SMM, Cardoso AL, Lemos A, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Conjugated Nitrosoalkenes and Azoalkenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11324-11352. [PMID: 30495939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to present the most recent contributions in the chemistry of nitrosoalkenes and azoalkenes, highlighting the chemical behavior that makes them important and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. These are heterodienes used in the assembly of a variety of heterocyclic systems, spanning from five- to seven-membered heterocycles, as well as for the functionalization of heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M M Lopes
- CQC and Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CQC and Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Américo Lemos
- Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , University of Algarve , Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro , Portugal
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19
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Pedrón M, Delso I, Tejero T, Merino P. Concerted Albeit Not Pericyclic Cycloadditions: Understanding the Mechanism of the (4+3) Cycloaddition between Nitrones and 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐dienes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pedrón
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI). Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH). Universidad de Zaragoza‐CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH). Universidad de Zaragoza‐CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI). Universidad de Zaragoza 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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20
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Choi M, Viji M, Kim D, Lee YH, Sim J, Kwak YS, Lee K, Lee H, Jung JK. Metal-free approach for the ʟ-proline mediated synthesis of nitrones from nitrosobenzene. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Zhang X, Pan Y, Liang P, Pang L, Ma X, Jiao W, Shao H. Oxadiazepine Synthesis by Formal [4+3] Cycloaddition ofo-Chloromethyl Arylsulfonamides with Nitrones Promoted by NaHCO3. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Zhang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Pang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiao
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
| | - Huawu Shao
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu People's Republic of China
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22
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Yu J, Cai C. Photocatalytic oxidative cyclization of α-halo hydrazones with tetrahydroisoquinoline for construction of isoquino[3,4-a][1,2,4]-triazines. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Wang Z, Yang Y, Gao F, Wang Z, Luo Q, Fang L. Synthesis of 5-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazolines by Formal [4 + 1]-Annulation of Fluorinated Sulfur Ylides and Azoalkenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:934-937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yanzhou Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fang Gao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qian Luo
- College
of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Ling Fang
- College
of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
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24
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Zhang ZJ, Song J. An isothiourea-catalyzed asymmetric formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ generated azoalkenes with C1 ammonium enolates. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient isothiourea-catalyzed stereoselective formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition of α-chloro cyclic hydrazones with carboxylic acids has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- China
| | - Jin Song
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- China
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25
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Zheng YS, Tu L, Gao LM, Huang R, Feng T, Sun H, Wang WX, Li ZH, Liu JK. Accessing benzooxadiazepinesviaformal [4 + 3] cycloadditions of aza-o-quinone methides with nitrones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2639-2642. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven membered N-heterocycles were constructed through a formal [4 + 3] cycloaddition of nitrones within situgenerated aza-o-quinone methides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Liang Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Li-Mei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
- Analytical & Measuring Center
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Huan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Wen-Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
- Analytical & Measuring Center
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- South-Central University of Nationalities
- Wuhan
- China
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26
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Zhao HW, Pang HL, Zhao YD, Liu YY, Zhao LJ, Chen XQ, Song XQ, Feng NN, Du J. Construction of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines via [4 + 2] cycloaddition of α-halogeno hydrazones to imines. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of sodium carbonate, the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of α-halogeno hydrazones to imines proceeded readily, and furnished 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines in moderate to high chemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Pang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Di Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yang Liu
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Jiao Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qin Chen
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qing Song
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Ning-Ning Feng
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
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27
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Chen DZ, Xiao WJ, Chen JR. Synthesis of spiropyrazoline oxindoles by a formal [4 + 1] annulation reaction between 3-bromooxindoles and in situ-derived 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A formal [4 + 1] annulation reaction of 3-bromooxindoles and in situ-derived 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes has been developed to provide an efficient route to various spiropyrazoline oxindoles with high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan
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28
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Wei L, Yao L, Wang ZF, Li H, Tao HY, Wang CJ. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar [3+4] Cycloaddition of Nitrones with Azoalkenes. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Fei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
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29
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Yang W, Yuan C, Liu Y, Mao B, Sun Z, Guo H. [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Phthalazinium Dicyanomethanides with Azoalkenes Formed in Situ: Synthesis of Triazepine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7597-603. [PMID: 27467599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[4 + 3] cycloaddition of phthalazinium dicyanomethanides with in situ formed azoalkenes was achieved, providing an access to various 1,2,4-triazepine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields.
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30
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Mantenuto S, Cayuelas A, Favi G, Attanasi OA, Mantellini F, Nájera C, Sansano JM. Reactivity of 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes with Azomethine Ylides: [3+4] versus [3+2] Cycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mantenuto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Organic Chemistry Section and Organic Natural Compounds; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Alberto Cayuelas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Universidad de Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO); Universidad de Alicante; 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Organic Chemistry Section and Organic Natural Compounds; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Orazio A. Attanasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Organic Chemistry Section and Organic Natural Compounds; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Organic Chemistry Section and Organic Natural Compounds; University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”; Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Universidad de Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Universidad de Alicante; Apdo. 99 03080 Alicante Spain
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO); Universidad de Alicante; 03080 Alicante Spain
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