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Metal-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions between Alkynoic Acids and Dinucleophiles: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cascade reactions provide a straightforward access to many valuable compounds and reduce considerably the number of steps of a synthetic sequence. Among the domino and multicomponent processes that involve alkynes, the cascade reaction between alkynoic acids and C-, N-, O- and S-aminonucleophiles stands out as a particularly powerful tool for the one-pot construction of libraries of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with scaffold diversity and molecular complexity. This reaction, based on an initial metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization that generates an alkylidene lactone intermediate, was originally catalyzed by gold(I) catalysts, along with silver salts or Brönsted acid additives, but other alternative metal catalysts have emerged in the last decade as well as different reaction media. This review examines the existing literature on the topic of metal-catalyzed cascade reactions of acetylenic acids and dinucleophiles and discusses aspects concerning substrate/catalyst ratio for every catalyst system, nature of the aminonucleophile involved and substrate scope. In addition, alternative solvents are also considered, and an insight into the pathway of the reaction and possible intermediates is also provided.
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2
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Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Cycloisomerization/Double Condensation of Acetylenic Acids with Dinucleophiles. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed cascade processes based on hydrofunctionalization of alkynes are receiving much more attention because of their potential to provide advantageous approaches to otherwise synthetically challenging compounds. An alternative catalyst system has been found for the domino cycloisomerization/cyclocondensation reaction involving acetylenic acids and heterodinucleophiles. A CNN pincer palladium(II) complex, acting as a homogeneous catalyst, provides the corresponding polyheterocycles with a higher substrate/catalyst ratio. Other palladium sources were also tested and discarded, and a number of mechanistic studies including poisoning assays, kinetic plots, TEM images, XRD spectra and UPLC-MS analysis of reaction intermediates were conducted in order to shed light on the role of this pincer catalyst and the catalytic cycle involved in the cascade reaction. As a result, a more nuanced mechanism is tentatively proposed.
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3
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Sinha NK, Thirupathi N. [6,5] CNN Palladium(II) Pincer Complexes Containing N-Substituted Monoanionic and Dianionic Guanidinate Ligands: Syntheses, Structural Aspects, and Their Utility in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Ali M, Li C. Desymmetrization construction of chiral lactones by synergistic Cu(II) complex and organic base. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Maji A, Singh O, Singh S, Mohanty A, Maji PK, Ghosh K. Palladium‐Based Catalysts Supported by Unsymmetrical XYC
–1
Type Pincer Ligands: C5 Arylation of Imidazoles and Synthesis of Octinoxate Utilizing the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Maji
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee Uttarakhand India
| | - Ovender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee Uttarakhand India
| | - Sain Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee Uttarakhand India
| | - Aurobinda Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee Uttarakhand India
| | - Pradip K. Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Saharanpur Campus 247001 Saharanpur UP India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee Uttarakhand India
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6
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Zhang X, Wan X, Cong Y, Zhen X, Li Q, Zhang-Negrerie D, Du Y, Zhao K. Lactonization of 2-Alkynylbenzoates for the Assembly of Isochromenones Mediated by BF 3·Et 2O. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10402-10411. [PMID: 31328911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A general and efficient lactonization method of readily available 2-alkynylbenzoates affording biologically important isochromenones has been realized via a solely BF3·Et2O-mediated 6-endo-dig cyclization process under mild conditions. An alternative mechanistic pathway in which BF3·Et2O activates the carbonyl of the ester moiety, rather than the alkyne triple bond, was postulated on the basis of control experiment results. Gram-scale reaction and further application for the assembly of more complex molecules demonstrated the practicability of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xintong Wan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Ying Cong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Xiaohua Zhen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Qiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Daisy Zhang-Negrerie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Kang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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7
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Giofrè SV, Mancuso R, Araniti F, Romeo R, Iannazzo D, Abenavoli MR, Gabriele B. Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Sulfurated Heterocycles with Herbicidal Activity: Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzoic Acids with Lawesson's Reagent. Chempluschem 2019; 84:942-950. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore V. Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheBiologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di Messina via S.S. Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC)Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria via P. Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS Italy
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIAUniversità Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria 89124 Italy
| | - Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheBiologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di Messina via S.S. Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheBiologiche, Farmaceutiche ed AmbientaliUniversità di Messina via S.S. Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento AGRARIAUniversità Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria 89124 Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC)Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria via P. Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS Italy
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8
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New facile synthesis of furan-2(3H)-ones and 2,3,5-trisubstituted furans via intramolecular Wittig reaction of acid anhydride. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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10
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Curti F, Tiecco M, Pirovano V, Germani R, Caselli A, Rossi E, Abbiati G. p
-TSA-Based DESs as “Active Green Solvents” for Microwave Enhanced Cyclization of 2-Alkynyl-(hetero)-arylcarboxylates: an Alternative Access to 6-Substituted 3,4-Fused 2-Pyranones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Curti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “Alessandro Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 - 20133 Milano - Italy
| | - Matteo Tiecco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. D'Annunzio”; Via dei Vestini 31 - 66100 Chieti - Italy
| | - Valentina Pirovano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “Alessandro Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 - 20133 Milano - Italy
| | - Raimondo Germani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Perugia; Biologia e Biotecnologie 06123 Perugia - Italy
| | - Alessandro Caselli
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Golgi 19 - 20133 Milano - Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “Alessandro Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 - 20133 Milano - Italy
| | - Giorgio Abbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “Alessandro Marchesini”; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via Venezian 21 - 20133 Milano - Italy
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11
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12
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Yao Y, Xiong CP, Zhong YL, Bian GW, Huang NY, Wang L, Zou K. Intramolecular and Ferrier Rearrangement Strategy for the Construction of C1-β-d-xylopyranosides: Synthesis, Mechanism and Biological Activity Study. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Ping Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wei Bian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Three Gorges University, Yichang; Hubei 443002 People's Republic of China
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13
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Mancuso R, Ziccarelli I, Fini F, Della Ca' N, Marino N, Carfagna C, Gabriele B. A Regio- and Stereoselective Carbonylative Approach to Alkyl (Z
)-2-[3-Oxoisobenzofuran-1-(3H
)-ylidene]acetates. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Ida Ziccarelli
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Francesco Fini
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Via G. Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca'
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA); University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 17 A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci 14/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Carla Carfagna
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “T. Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies; University of Calabria; Via Pietro Bucci 12/C 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy
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14
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Leconte N, du Moulinet d'Hardemare A, Philouze C, Thomas F. A highly active diradical cobalt(iii) catalyst for the cycloisomerization of alkynoic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8241-8244. [PMID: 29987295 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first cobalt-catalysed cycloisomerisation of alkynoic acids is reported, thanks to the design of a well-defined diradical cobalt(iii) catalyst, in the absence of any additives. The high efficiency, regioselectivity and chemoselectivity are comparable to those of noble metal-based systems. The unique reactivity might be attributed to second coordination sphere effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leconte
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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15
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Mancuso R, Pomelli CS, Chiappetta P, Gioia KF, Maner A, Marino N, Veltri L, Chiappe C, Gabriele B. Divergent Syntheses of (Z)-3-Alkylideneisobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones and 1H-Isochromen-1-ones by Copper-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 2-Alkynylbenzoic Acids in Ionic Liquids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6673-6680. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | | | - Piera Chiappetta
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Katia F. Gioia
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Asif Maner
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nadia Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 14/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Lucia Veltri
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Cinzia Chiappe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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16
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Xin YX, Pan S, Huang Y, Xu XH, Qing FL. Copper-Catalyzed Sulfenylation, Sulfonylation, and Selenylation of 2,3-Allenoic Acids with Disulfides or Diselenides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6101-6109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xun Xin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shen Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Tao S, Guo C, Liu N, Dai B. Counteranion-Controlled Ag2O-Mediated Benzimidazolium Ring Opening and Its Application in the Synthesis of Palladium Pincer-Type Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tao
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical
Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute, The Second
Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical
Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical
Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Gasperini D, Maggi L, Dupuy S, Veenboer RMP, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-Catalysed Cyclisation of Alkynoic Acids: Towards an Efficient and Eco-Friendly Synthesis of γ-, δ- and ϵ-Lactones. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gasperini
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Richard M. P. Veenboer
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - David B. Cordes
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EastCHEM; School of Chemistry; University of St Andrews; Purdie Building, North Haugh; St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST U.K
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Universiteit Gent; Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Krijgslaan 281, S-3 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 1451 Saudi Arabia
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