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Olyaei A, Sadeghpour M. Recent advances in the synthesis of highly substituted imidazolidines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30758-30806. [PMID: 39328874 PMCID: PMC11426194 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Imidazolidine is a saturated heterocycle with a cyclic aminal core that can be found in natural products and biologically active molecules. Additionally, these heterocyclic compounds have been utilized as chiral ligands, N-heterocyclic carbene precursors, and catalysts in organic synthesis. This review is an attempt to compile the literature of various synthetic procedures of highly substituted imidazolidines, chiral imidazolidines with high diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities, bis-imidazolidines, and spiro-imidazolidines, as well as their pharmacological properties during the period from 1949 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Olyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sadeghpour
- Department of Chemistry, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University Qazvin Iran
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2
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Foubelo F, Nájera C, Retamosa MG, Sansano JM, Yus M. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-diamines. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7983-8085. [PMID: 38990173 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric catalytic synthesis of 1,2-diamines has received considerable interest, especially in the last ten years, due to their presence in biologically active compounds and their applications for the development of synthetic building blocks, chiral ligands and organocatalysts. Synthetic strategies based on C-N bond-forming reactions involve mainly (a) ring opening of aziridines and azabenzonorbornadienes, (b) hydroamination of allylic amines, (c) hydroamination of enamines and (d) diamination of olefins. In the case of C-C bond-forming reactions are included (a) the aza-Mannich reaction of imino esters, imino nitriles, azlactones, isocyano acetates, and isothiocyanates with imines, (b) the aza-Henry reaction of nitroalkanes with imines, (c) imine-imine coupling reactions, and (d) reductive coupling of enamines with imines, and (e) [3+2] cycloaddition with imines. C-H bond forming reactions include hydrogenation of CN bonds and C-H amination reactions. Other catalytic methods include desymmetrization reactions of meso-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Foubelo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ma Gracia Retamosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - José M Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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3
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Rodríguez-Flórez LV, González-Marcos M, García-Mingüens E, Retamosa MDG, Kawase M, Selva E, Sansano JM. Phosphine Catalyzed Michael-Type Additions: The Synthesis of Glutamic Acid Derivatives from Arylidene- α-amino Esters. Molecules 2024; 29:342. [PMID: 38257255 PMCID: PMC10820836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The reaction of arylidene-α-amino esters with electrophilic alkenes to yield Michael-type addition compounds is optimized using several phosphines as organocatalysts. The transformation is very complicated due to the generation of several final compounds, including those derived from the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. For this reason, the selection of the reaction conditions is a very complex task and the slow addition of the acrylic system is very important to complete the process. The study of the variation in the structural components of the starting imino ester is performed as well as the expansion of other electron-poor alkenes. The crude products have a purity higher than 90% in most cases without any purification. A plausible mechanism is detailed based on the bibliography and the experimental results. The synthesis of pyroglutamate entities, after the reduction of the imino group and cyclization, is performed in high yields. In addition, the hydrolysis of the imino group, under acidic media, represents a direct access to glutamate surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly V. Rodríguez-Flórez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. Alicante-San Vicente s/n, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - María González-Marcos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. Alicante-San Vicente s/n, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Mingüens
- Medalchemy, S. L. Ancha de Castelar, 46-48, entlo. A. San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - María de Gracia Retamosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. Alicante-San Vicente s/n, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Misa Kawase
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. Alicante-San Vicente s/n, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Elisabet Selva
- Medalchemy, S. L. Ancha de Castelar, 46-48, entlo. A. San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. Alicante-San Vicente s/n, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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4
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Kim Y, Kim SY, Kim SG. Organocatalytic Asymmetric [3 + 2]-Annulations of γ-Sulfonamido/γ-Hydroxy-α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with Cyclic N-Sulfimines: Synthesis of Chiral Polyheterotricyclic Imidazolidines and Oxazolidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1113-1127. [PMID: 36580571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first organocatalytic asymmetric [3 + 2]-annulation of γ-sulfonamido-α,β-unsaturated ketones with cyclic N-sulfimines has been developed, and enantioenriched functionalized polyheterotricyclic imidazolidines were obtained in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. This approach was also extended to the asymmetric [3 + 2]-annulation of γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated ketones, affording enantioenriched polyheterotricyclic oxazolidines. In addition, base-catalyzed [3 + 2]-annulations of γ-sulfonamido/γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated ketones with cyclic N-sulfimines were re-investigated under mild reaction conditions for the synthesis of racemic polyheterotricyclic imidazolidines and oxazolidines with excellent diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseop Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
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5
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Qiao J, Wang S, Liu X, Feng X. Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Donor-Acceptor Aziridines and Imines to Construct 2,5-trans-Imidazolidines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203757. [PMID: 36602265 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition of donor-acceptor aziridines with N-aryl protected imines was developed with a Ni(ClO4 )2 ⋅ 6H2 O/N,N'-dioxide catalyst system, providing a broad range of chiral trans-substituted imidazolidine compounds with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, up to 98 % ee). Control experiments indicated that the products could offer excellent diastereoselectivities with the control of chiral Ni(II)-N,N'-dioxide complex and the interaction of the substrates. The possible catalytic process was proposed to rationalize the stereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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Bai XF, Cui YM, Cao J, Xu LW. Atropisomers with Axial and Point Chirality: Synthesis and Applications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2545-2561. [PMID: 36083117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enantiopure atropisomers have become increasingly important in asymmetric synthesis and catalysis, pharmaceutical science, and material science since the discovery of inherent features of axial chirality originating from rotational restriction. Despite the advances made in this field to date, it remains highly desirable to construct structurally diverse atropisomers with potentially useful functions. We propose superposition to match axial and point chirality as a potentially useful strategy to access structurally complex and diverse building blocks for organic synthesis and pharmaceutical science because merging atropisomeric backbones with one or more extra chiral elements can topologically broaden three-dimensional environments to create complex scaffolds with multiple tunable parameters. Over the past decade, we have successfully implemented a strategic design for the superposition of axial and point chirality to develop a series of enantiopure atropisomers and have utilized the synergistic functions of these molecules to enhance chirality transfer in various catalytic asymmetric transformations.In this Account, we present several novel atropisomers with superposed axial and point chirality developed in our laboratory. In our studies, this superposition strategy was used to design and synthesize both biaryl and non-biaryl atropisomers from commercially available chiral sources. Consequently, these atropisomers were used to demonstrate the importance of the synergetic functions of axial and point chirality in specific enantioselective reactions. For example, aromatic amide-derived atropisomers, simplified as Xing-Phos arrays, were broadly employed in Ag-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition by a series of reactions of aldiminoesters with activated alkenes and imines, as well as being used as chiral solvating agents for the discrimination of optically active mandelic acid derivatives. Considering the powerful potential of non-biaryl atropisomers for asymmetric catalysis, we also explored the transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective construction of a novel backbone of non-biaryl atropisomers (Ar-alkene, Ar-N axis) bearing both axial and point chirality for the design and synthesis of chiral ligands and functional molecules.The studies presented herein are expected to stimulate further research efforts on the development of functional atropisomers by superposition of matching axial and point chirality. In addition to tunable electron and stereohindrance effects, the synergy between matching chiral elements of axial/point chirality and functional groups is proven to be a special function that cannot be ignored for promoting reactivity and chirality-transfer efficiency in enantioselective synthesis. Consequently, our novel types of scaffolds with superposed axial and point chirality that are capable of versatile coordination with various metal catalysts in asymmetric catalysis highlight the power of the superposition of matching axial and point chirality for the construction of synthetically useful atropisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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7
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Dai L, Zhu Q, Zeng J, Liu Y, Zhong G, Han X, Zeng X. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral imidazolidines by merging copper and visible light-induced photoredox catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light induced copper catalyzed synthesis of decarboxylative radical coupling/cyclization reaction for the synthesis of chiral imidazolidines in high yields and enantioselectivities was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Dai
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuheng Liu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Products, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Xiaofei Zeng
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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8
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Neal MJ, Hejnosz SL, Rohde JJ, Evanseck JD, Montgomery TD. Multi-Ion Bridged Pathway of N-Oxides to 1,3-Dipole Dilithium Oxide Complexes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11502-11518. [PMID: 34379424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Roussi's landmark work on the generation of 1,3-dipoles from tertiary amine N-oxides has not reached its full potential since its underlying mechanism is neither well explored nor understood. Two competing mechanisms were previously proposed to explain the transformation involving either an iminium ion or a diradical intermediate. Our investigation has revealed an alternative mechanistic pathway that explains experimental results and provides significant insights to guide the creation of new N-oxide reagents beyond tertiary alkylamines for direct synthetic transformations. Truhlar's M06-2x functional and Møller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory with Dunning's [jul,aug]-cc-pv[D,T]z basis sets and discrete-continuum solvation models were employed to determine activation enthalpies and structures. During these mechanistic explorations, we discovered a unique multi-ion bridged pathway resulting from the rate-determining step, which was energetically more favorable than other alternate mechanisms. This newly proposed mechanism contains no electrophilic intermediates, strengthening the reaction potential by broadening the reagent scope and limiting the possible side reactions. This thoroughly defined general mechanism supports a more direct route for improving the use of N-oxides in generating azomethine ylide-dilithium oxide complexes with expanded functional group tolerance and breadth of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Sarah L Hejnosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rohde
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering, Franciscan University of Steubenville, 1235 University Boulevard, Steubenville, Ohio 43952, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Evanseck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Thomas D Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Li Z, Wang N, Liu J, Mei H, Soloshonok VA, Han J. Synthesis of Isothiazoles through N-Propargylsulfinylamide: TFA-Promoted Sulfinyl Group-Involved Intramolecular Cyclization. Org Lett 2021; 23:6941-6945. [PMID: 34423993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new reactivity mode of tert-butanesulfinamide has been developed, which proceeds through C-S and O-S bond cleavage of N-propargyl tert-butanesulfinylamide allowing rapid assembly of poly functionalized isothiazoles. This intramolecular cyclization reaction could be conducted under mild and convenient conditions and tolerates several fluoroalkyl and substituted phenyl groups with good chemical yields. This reaction not only represents a new reactivity of tert-butanesulfinamide but also provides an easy strategy for the synthesis of isothiazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Zhong X, Zhong Z, Wu Z, Ye Z, Feng Y, Dong S, Liu X, Peng Q, Feng X. Chiral Lewis acid-bonded picolinaldehyde enables enantiodivergent carbonyl catalysis in the Mannich/condensation reaction of glycine ester. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4353-4360. [PMID: 34163698 PMCID: PMC8179594 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new strategy of asymmetric carbonyl catalysis via a chiral Lewis acid-bonded aldehyde has been developed for the direct Mannich/condensation cascade reaction of glycine ester with aromatic aldimines. The co-catalytic system of 2-picolinaldehyde and chiral YbIII-N,N'-dioxides was identified to be efficient under mild conditions, providing a series of trisubstituted imidazolidines in moderate to good yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Enantiodivergent synthesis was achieved via changing the sub-structures of the chiral ligands. The reaction could be carried out in a three-component version involving glycine ester, aldehydes, and anilines with equally good results. Based on control experiments, the X-ray crystal structure study and theoretical calculations, a possible dual-activation mechanism and stereo-control modes were provided to elucidate carbonyl catalysis and enantiodivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Ziwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Zhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Shunxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China http://www.scu.edu.cn/chem_asl/
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11
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Ye F, Xu Z, Xu LW. The Discovery of Multifunctional Chiral P Ligands for the Catalytic Construction of Quaternary Carbon/Silicon and Multiple Stereogenic Centers. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:452-470. [PMID: 33375791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of highly effective chiral ligands is a key topic in enhancing the catalytic activity and selectivity in metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis. Traditionally, the difficulty of ligand synthesis, insufficient accuracy in controlling the stereoselectivity, and poor universality of the systems often become obstacles in this field. Using the concept of nonequivalent coordination to the metal, our group has designed and synthesized a series of new chiral catalysts to access various carbon/silicon and/or multiple stereogenic centers containing products with excellent chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.In this Account, we summarize a series of new phosphine ligands with multiple stereogenic centers that have been developed in our laboratory. These ligands exhibited good to excellent performance in the transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective construction of quaternary carbon/silicon and multiple stereogenic centers. In the first section, notable examples of the design and synthesis of new chiral ligands by non-covalent interaction-based multisite activation are described. The integrations of axial chirality, atom-centered chirality, and chiral anions and multifunctional groups into a single scaffold are individually highlighted, as represented by Ar-BINMOLs and their derivative ligands, HZNU-Phos, Fei-Phos, and Xing-Phos. In the second, third, and fourth sections, the enantioselective construction of quaternary carbon stereocenters, multiple stereogenic centers, and silicon stereogenic centers using our newly developed chiral ligands is summarized. These sections refer to detailed reaction information in the chiral-ligand-controlled asymmetric catalysis based on the concept of nonequivalent coordination with multisite activation. Accordingly, a wide array of transition metal and main-group metal catalysts has been applied to the enantioselective synthesis of chiral heterocycles, amino acid derivatives, cyclic ketones, alkenes, and organosilicon compounds bearing one to five stereocenters.This Account shows that this new model of multifunctional ligand-controlled catalysts exhibits excellent stereocontrol and catalytic efficiency, especially in a stereodivergent and atom-economical fashion. Furthermore, a brief mechanistic understanding of the origin of enantioselectivity from our newly developed chiral catalyst systems could inspire further development of new ligands and enhancement of enantioselective synthesis by asymmetric metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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12
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Molina A, Díaz-Tendero S, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with azirines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5050-5053. [PMID: 32243487 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Substituted 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with two contiguous quaternary stereocentres are readily prepared by catalytic asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of α-substituted iminoesters with azirines. High diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) are achieved using CuI/(R)-Fesulphos as the catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Molina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Yi Y, Hua YZ, Lu HJ, Liu LT, Wang MC. Brønsted Base and Lewis Acid Cooperatively Catalyzed Asymmetric exo'-Selective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Trifluoromethylated Azomethine Ylides and Methyleneindolinones. Org Lett 2020; 22:2527-2531. [PMID: 32202432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A Brønsted base and Lewis acid cooperatively catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is reported through chiral dinuclear zinc catalysts. An asymmetric exo'-selective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of CF3-containing N-unprotected isatin-derived azomethine ylides is realized. In the presence of 10 mol % of catalyst, azomethine ylides react efficiently with methyleneindolinones, giving a series of trifluoromethyl-substituted 2,3-pyrrolidinyl dispirooxindoles with highly enantio- (up to 99% ee) and exo'-selectivity (>20:1 dr). Up to four contiguous stereogenic centers, including two adjacent spiro quaternary stereocenters, are constructed in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhao Hua
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jie Lu
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Tao Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu City, Henan Province 476000, P. R. China
| | - Min-Can Wang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, P. R. China
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14
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Deng H, Liu TT, Ding ZD, Yang WL, Luo X, Deng WP. Kinetic resolution of 2 H-azirines via Cu( i)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient kinetic resolution of racemic 2H-azirines via copper(i)-catalyzed asymmetric cycloaddition of azomethine ylides was developed and enantioenriched 2H-azirines and 1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives were obtained simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Zheng-Dong Ding
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials
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15
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Wu SL, Li N, Yin GW, Xu Z, Ye F, Li L, Cui YM, Xu LW. Catalytic asymmetric cycloaddition of unsymmetrical EWG-activated alkenes to fully substituted pyrrolidines bearing three different carbonyl groups. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14363-14366. [PMID: 31720613 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07738c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A unique 1,3-dipolar [3+2] cycloaddition of alkyl 4-oxo-4-arylbut-2-enoates bearing two different electron-withdrawing groups was completed by using the silver/(R)-DTBM-Segphos catalyst system, which gives the corresponding fully substituted pyrrolidines with four stereogenic centers in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.
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16
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Zhang C, Yang J, Zhou W, Tan Q, Yang Z, He L, Zhang M. Enantioselective Mannich Reaction of Glycine Iminoesters with N-Phosphinoyl Imines: A Bifunctional Approach. Org Lett 2019; 21:8620-8624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiuyuan Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ling He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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17
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Wei L, Li QH, Wang CJ. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with Fluorinated Imines: The Expanded Scope and Mechanism Insights. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11814-11824. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 230021, China
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18
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Tian F, He FS, Deng H, Yang WL, Deng WP. β-Silyl Acrylates in Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloadditions Affording Pyrrolidine Azasugar Derivatives. Org Lett 2018; 20:3838-3842. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fu-Sheng He
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hua Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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19
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Three-component hetero-domino cyclization and copper-catalyzed double A3-coupling reaction of ethane-1,2-diamines, formaldehyde, and alkynes to afford 1,3-dipropargylimidazolidines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Yuan Y, Zheng ZJ, Li L, Bai XF, Xu Z, Cui YM, Cao J, Yang KF, Xu LW. Silicon-based Bulky Group−Tuned Parallel Kinetic Resolution in Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Additions. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Research Insititue and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Research Insititue and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lanzhou People's Republic of China
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21
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Yu B, Yang KF, Bai XF, Cao J, Zheng ZJ, Cui YM, Xu Z, Li L, Xu LW. Ligand-Controlled Inversion of Diastereo- and Enantioselectivity in Silver-Catalyzed Azomethine Ylide–Imine Cycloaddition of Glycine Aldimino Esters with Imines. Org Lett 2018; 20:2551-2554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
- Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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22
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Yuan Y, Zheng ZJ, Ye F, Ma JH, Xu Z, Bai XF, Li L, Xu LW. Highly efficient desymmetrization of cyclopropenes to azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with five continuous stereogenic centers by copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloadditions. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00761f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented copper-catalyzed desymmetrization/cycloaddition reaction of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropenes provides an efficient access to azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes bearing five continuous carbon-stereogenic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Han Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Xing-Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Suzhou Research Institute and Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
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23
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Jia H, Guo Z, Liu H, Mao B, Shi X, Guo H. Tandem nucleophilic addition–cycloaddition of arynes with α-iminoesters: two concurrent pathways to imidazolidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7050-7053. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03806f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tandem nucleophilic addition-cycloaddition reaction of arynes with α-iminoesters gave functionalized imidazolidine derivatives with high yields, complete regioselectivities, and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Zhenyan Guo
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Honglei Liu
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Biming Mao
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Xueyan Shi
- College of Plant Protection
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- College of Science
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
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