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Iwabuchi S, Morofuji T, Kano N. Synthesis, structure, and alkynylation reactivity of alkynyl-silicate, -germanate, and -stannate. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10829-10833. [PMID: 38898710 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The first anionic pentacoordinated group 14 compounds bearing a phenylethynyl substituent were successfully synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The synthesized ate-type compounds were stable in air, water, and some acids, allowing their application as reagents for the nucleophilic alkynylation of carbon electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Iwabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Harinath A, Karmakar H, Kisan DA, Nayek HP, Panda TK. NHC-Zn alkyl catalyzed cross-dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4237-4244. [PMID: 37139558 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00453h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-zinc alkyl complex [ImDippZn(CH2CH3)2] (Im = imidazol-2-ylidene and Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) acts as a catalyst in the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of a wide range of primary and secondary amines and hydrosilanes to yield a substantial quantity of the corresponding aminosilanes with good chemoselectivity at room temperature. A broad substrate scope was observed during the zinc-catalyzed CDC reaction. Two zinc complexes, [{ImMesZn(μ-NHPh)(NHPh)}2] (Mes = mesityl) (3) and [{ImDippZn(CH2CH3)(μ-H)}2] (4), were isolated and structurally characterized as intermediates through controlled reactions to ascertain the CDC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimulam Harinath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi - 502 284, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
| | - Himadri Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi - 502 284, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
| | - Devadkar Ajitaro Kisan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi - 502 284, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
| | - Hari Pada Nayek
- Department of Applied Chemistry. Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Tarun K Panda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi - 502 284, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
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Cariello Silva G, de Souza GFP, Salles AG. Catalytic redox-neutral C-H functionalisation with TEMPO in water to access aminomethyl-substituted pyrroles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3495-3500. [PMID: 35416824 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00574c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A redox-neutral C-H functionalisation in water employing catalytic TEMPO to synthesize aminomethyl-substituted pyrroles is reported. Starting from cheap and commercial chemical feedstocks (ketoesters and anilines), our approach delivered targeted products in good yields and represents an endeavour to address redox economy in radical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Cariello Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela F P de Souza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
| | - Airton G Salles
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13084-862, Brazil.
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Wang A, Liu YZ, Shen Z, Qiao Z, Ma X. Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridine via TEMPO-Mediated [3 + 2] Annulation-Aromatization of N-Aminopyridines and α,β-Unsaturated Compounds. Org Lett 2022; 24:1454-1459. [PMID: 35166547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A TEMPO-mediated [3 + 2] annulation-aromatization protocol for the preparation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from N-aminopyridines and α,β-unsaturated compounds was developed. The procedure offered multisubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines in good to excellent yield with high and predictable regioselectivity. The modification of marketed drugs including Loratadine, Abiraterone, and Metochalcone, and a one-pot three-step gram scale synthesis of key intermediate for the preparation of Selpercatinib were demonstrated. Mechanism studies show that TEMPO serves both as a Lewis acid and as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amu Wang
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhou Liu
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongke Shen
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeen Qiao
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural Products Research Centre, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Lu S, Deng P, Chang X, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Zhang D, Xia F, Yang L, Wang J, Sun P. Lewis Acid Regulated Divergent Catalytic Reaction between Quinone Imine Ketals (QIKs) and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: Switchable Access to Multiple Products Including 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds, Indoles, and Benzofurans. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Sixian Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy Chongqing University Chongqing 400016 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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9
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Chikava AR, Levashov AS, Konshin VV. Reaction of 1-Iodoalkynes with Tin Metal: A New Approach to the Sn–Csp Bond Formation. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Horino Y, Murakami M, Ishibashi M, Lee JH, Watanabe A, Matsumoto R, Abe H. Trialkylborane-Mediated Propargylation of Aldehydes Using γ-Stannylated Propargyl Acetates. Org Lett 2019; 21:9564-9568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Horino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Miki Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Mayo Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Dongguk University, Gyeongju Campus, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Airi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Rio Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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