1
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Naim M, Mohammat MF, Mohd Ariff PNA, Uzir MH. Biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of chiral alcohols for the development of pharmaceutical intermediates and other industrial applications: A review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110483. [PMID: 39033578 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged as a strong tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the early twentieth century, whole cell biocatalysis was used to develop the first industrial biocatalytic processes, and the precise work of enzymes was unknown. Biocatalysis has evolved over the years into an essential tool for modern, cost-effective, and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing. Meanwhile, advances in directed evolution enable the rapid production of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and high selectivity. Large-scale synthetic pathways incorporating biocatalytic critical steps towards >130 APIs of authorized pharmaceuticals and drug prospects are compared in terms of steps, reaction conditions, and scale with the corresponding chemical procedures. This review is designed on the functional group developed during the reaction forming alcohol functional groups. Some important biocatalyst sources, techniques, and challenges are described. A few APIs and their utilization in pharmaceutical drugs are explained here in this review. Biocatalysis has provided shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative pathways toward existing small molecule APIs. Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical applications of biocatalysts are also mentioned and discussed. Finally, this review includes the future outlook and challenges of biocatalysis. In conclusion, Further research and development of promising enzymes are required before they can be used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Naim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Centre for Chemical Synthesis & Polymer Technology, Institute of Science (IoS), Kompleks Inspirasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan 40450, Malaysia.
| | - Putri Nur Arina Mohd Ariff
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohamad Hekarl Uzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
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2
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Ding B, Xue Q, Wei H, Chen J, Liu ZS, Cheng HG, Cong H, Tang J, Zhou Q. Enantioconvergent synthesis of chiral fluorenols from racemic secondary alcohols via Pd(ii)/chiral norbornene cooperative catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7975-7981. [PMID: 38817591 PMCID: PMC11134410 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01004c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the asymmetric synthesis of fluorenols has been developed through an enantioconvergent process enabled by Pd(ii)/chiral norbornene cooperative catalysis. This approach allows facile access to diverse functionalized chiral fluorenols with constantly excellent enantioselectivities, applying readily available racemic secondary ortho-bromobenzyl alcohols and aryl iodides as the starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Qilin Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Han Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jiangwei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Ze-Shui Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Jianting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University Chongqing 404100 China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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3
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Großkopf J, Bach T. Catalytic Photochemical Deracemization via Short-Lived Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308241. [PMID: 37428113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation in the presence of a suitable chiral catalyst, racemic compound mixtures can be converted into enantiomerically pure compounds with the same constitution. The process is called photochemical deracemization and involves the formation of short-lived intermediates. By opening different reaction channels for the forward reaction to the intermediate and for the re-constitution of the chiral molecule, the entropically disfavored process becomes feasible. Since the discovery of the first photochemical deracemization in 2018, the field has been growing rapidly. This review comprehensively covers the research performed in the area and discusses current developments. It is subdivided according to the mode of action and the respective substrate classes. The focus of this review is on the scope of the individual reactions and on a discussion of the mechanistic details underlying the presented reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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4
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Großkopf J, Plaza M, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Creating a Defined Chirality in Amino Acids and Cyclic Dipeptides by Photochemical Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313606. [PMID: 37793026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Diketopiperazines are cyclic dipeptides displaying a wide range of applications. Their enantioselective preparation has now been found possible from the respective racemates by a photochemical deracemization (53 examples, 74 % to quantitative yield, 71-99 % ee). A chiral benzophenone catalyst in concert with irradiation at λ=366 nm enables to establish the configuration at the stereogenic carbon atom C6 at will. If other stereogenic centers are present in the diketopiperazines they remain unaffected and a stereochemical editing is possible at a single position. Consecutive reactions, including the conversion into N-aryl or N-alkyl amino acids or the reduction to piperazines, occur without compromising the newly created stereogenic center. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the benzophenone catalyst processes one enantiomer of the 2,5-diketopiperazines preferentially and enables a reversible hydrogen atom transfer that is responsible for the deracemization process. The remarkably long lifetime of the protonated ketyl radical implies a yet unprecedented mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747, Garching, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Deracemization, which converts a racemate into its single enantiomer without separation of the intermediate, has gained renewed interest in asymmetric synthesis with its inherent atomic economy and high efficiency. However, this ideal process requires selective energy input and delicate reaction design to surmount the thermodynamical and kinetical constraints. With the rapid development of asymmetric catalysis, many catalytic strategies in concert with exogenous energy input have been exploited to facilitate this nonspontaneous enantioenrichment. In this perspective, we will discuss the basic ideas to accomplish catalytic deracemization, categorized by the three major exogenous energy sources including chemical (redox)-, photo- and mechanical energy from attrition. Emphasis will be given to the catalytic features and the underlying deracemization mechanism together with perspectives on future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouxin Huang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military of Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tianrun Pan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xieyang Jiang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Kutta RJ, Großkopf J, van Staalduinen N, Seitz A, Pracht P, Breitenlechner S, Bannwarth C, Nuernberger P, Bach T. Multifaceted View on the Mechanism of a Photochemical Deracemization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2354-2363. [PMID: 36660908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Upon irradiation in the presence of a chiral benzophenone catalyst (5 mol %), a racemic mixture of a given chiral imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) can be converted almost quantitatively into the same compound with high enantiomeric excess (80-99% ee). The mechanism of this photochemical deracemization reaction was elucidated by a suite of mechanistic experiments. It was corroborated by nuclear magnetic resonance titration that the catalyst binds the two enantiomers by two-point hydrogen bonding. In one of the diastereomeric complexes, the hydrogen atom at the stereogenic carbon atom is ideally positioned for hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to the photoexcited benzophenone. Detection of the protonated ketyl radical by transient absorption revealed hydrogen abstraction to occur from only one but not from the other hydantoin enantiomer. Quantum chemical calculations allowed us to visualize the HAT within this complex and, more importantly, showed that the back HAT does not occur to the carbon atom of the hydantoin radical but to its oxygen atom. The achiral enol formed in this process could be directly monitored by its characteristic transient absorption signal at λ ≅ 330 nm. Subsequent tautomerization leads to both hydantoin enantiomers, but only one of them returns to the catalytic cycle, thus leading to an enrichment of the other enantiomer. The data are fully consistent with deuterium labeling experiments and deliver a detailed picture of a synthetically useful photochemical deracemization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, RegensburgD-93053, Germany
| | - Johannes Großkopf
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Nils van Staalduinen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonia Seitz
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Pracht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany.,Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Breitenlechner
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, RegensburgD-93053, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747Garching, Germany
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7
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Watts OB, Berreur J, Collins BSL, Clayden J. Biocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomers. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3362-3375. [PMID: 36343339 PMCID: PMC9730853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomeric compounds are found extensively as natural products, as ligands for asymmetric transition-metal catalysis, and increasingly as bioactive and pharmaceutically relevant targets. Their enantioselective synthesis is therefore an important ongoing research target. While a vast majority of known atropisomeric structures are (hetero)biaryls, which display hindered rotation around a C-C single bond, our group's long-standing interest in the control of molecular conformation has led to the identification and stereoselective preparation of a variety of other classes of "nonbiaryl" atropisomeric compounds displaying restricted rotation around C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-S single bonds.Biocatalytic transformations are finding increasing application in both academic and industrial contexts as a result of a significant broadening of the range of biocatalytic reactions and sources of enzymes available to the synthetic chemist. In this Account, we summarize the main biocatalytic strategies currently available for the asymmetric synthesis of biaryl, heterobiaryl, and nonbiaryl atropisomers. As is the case with more traditional synthetic approaches to these compounds, most biocatalytic methodologies for the construction of enantioenriched atropisomers follow one of two distinct strategies. The first of these is the direct asymmetric construction of atropisomeric bonds. Synthetically applicable biocatalytic methodologies for this type of transformation are limited, despite the extensive research into the biosynthesis of (hetero)biaryls by oxidative homocoupling or cross-coupling of electron-rich arenes. The second of these is the asymmetric transformation of a molecule in which the bond that will form the axis already exists, and this approach represents the majority of biocatalytic strategies available to the synthetic organic chemist. This strategy encompasses a variety of stereoselective techniques including kinetic resolution (KR), desymmetrization, dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT).Nondynamic kinetic resolution (KR) of conformationally stable biaryl derivatives has provided the earliest and most numerous examples of synthetically useful methodologies for the enantioselective preparation of atropisomeric compounds. Lipases (i.e., enzymes that mediate the formation or hydrolysis of esters) are particularly effective and have attracted broad attention. This success has led researchers to broaden the scope of lipase-mediated transformations to desymmetrization reactions, in addition to a limited number of DKR and DYKAT examples. By contrast, our group has used redox enzymes, including an engineered galactose oxidase (GOase) and commercially available ketoreductases (KREDs), to desymmetrize prochiral atropisomeric diaryl ether and biaryl derivatives. Building on this experience and our long-standing interest in dynamic conformational processes, we later harnessed intramolecular noncovalent interactions to facilitate bond rotation at ambient temperatures, which allowed the development of the efficient DKR of heterobiaryl aldehydes using KREDs. With this Account we provide an overview of the current and prospective biocatalytic strategies available to the synthetic organic chemist for the enantioselective preparation of atropisomeric molecules.
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8
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Peng T, Tian J, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Cheng X, Deng G, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Yang J, Chen Y. Multienzyme Redox System with Cofactor Regeneration for Cyclic Deracemization of Sulfoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Jin Tian
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Xu Jiang
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Guozhong Deng
- Zunyi Medical University Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province CHINA
| | - Quan Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Zunyi Medical University Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province CHINA
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Zunyi Medical University Department of Biochemistry CHINA
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Zunyi Medical University School of Pharmacy 6#, Xuefu West Road,Zunyi, Guizhou,P.R. China 563000 Zunyi CHINA
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9
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Peng T, Tian J, Zhao Y, Jiang X, Cheng X, Deng G, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Yang J, Chen Y. Multienzyme Redox System with Cofactor Regeneration for Cyclic Deracemization of Sulfoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209272. [PMID: 35831972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Optically pure sulfoxides are noteworthy compounds applied in a wide range of industrial fields; however, the biocatalytic deracemization of racemic sulfoxides is challenging. Herein, a high-enantioselective methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) was combined with a low-enantioselective styrene monooxygenase (SMO) for the cyclic deracemization of sulfoxides. Enantiopure sulfoxides were obtained in >90% yield and with >90% enantiomeric excess ( ee ) through dynamic "selective reduction and non-selective oxidation" cycles. The cofactors of MsrA and SMO were subsequently regenerated by the cascade catalysis of three auxiliary enzymes through the consumption of low-cost D-glucose. Moreover, this "one-pot, one-step" cyclic deracemization strategy exhibited a wide substrate scope toward various aromatic, heteroaromatic, alkyl and thio-alkyl sulfoxides. This system proposed an efficient strategy for the green synthesis of chiral sulfoxide .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Jin Tian
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Xu Jiang
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Xiaoling Cheng
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Guozhong Deng
- Zunyi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, CHINA
| | - Quan Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhongqiang Wang
- Zunyi Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, CHINA
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Zunyi Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, CHINA
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Zunyi Medical University, School of Pharmacy, 6#, Xuefu West Road,Zunyi, Guizhou,P.R. China, 563000, Zunyi, CHINA
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10
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Ascaso-Alegre C, MANGAS JUAN. Construction of chemoenzymatic linear cascades for the synthesis of chiral compounds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ascaso-Alegre
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis SPAIN
| | - JUAN MANGAS
- ARAID: Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y Desarrollo ISQCH PEDRO CERBUNA, 12FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS D 50009 ZARAGOZA SPAIN
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11
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Photochemical α-Deracemization of Carbonyl Compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Aribi-Zouioueche L, Merabet-Khelassi M, Braïa N, Toffano M. Practical access to (S)-heterocyclic aromatic acetates via CAL-B/Na2CO3-deacylation and Mitsunobu reaction protocol. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Aribi-Zouioueche
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mounia Merabet-Khelassi
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Nabila Braïa
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Martial Toffano
- Equipe de Catalyse Moléculaire-ICMMO Bât 420. Université PARIS- SACLAY, Orsay, France
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13
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Su Y, Zou Y, Xiao W. Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Deracemization. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Zhang Z, Hu X. Visible-Light-Driven Catalytic Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22833-22838. [PMID: 34397164 PMCID: PMC8519112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deracemization of racemic chiral compounds is an attractive approach in asymmetric synthesis, but its development has been hindered by energetic and kinetic challenges. Here we describe a catalytic deracemization method for secondary benzylic alcohols which are important synthetic intermediates and end products for many industries. Driven by visible light only, this method is based on sequential photochemical dehydrogenation followed by enantioselective thermal hydrogenation. The combination of a heterogeneous dehydrogenation photocatalyst and a chiral molecular hydrogenation catalyst is essential to ensure two distinct pathways for the forward and reverse reactions. These reactions convert a large number of racemic aryl alkyl alcohols into their enantiomerically enriched forms in good yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEcole Poly-technique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305Lausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEcole Poly-technique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305Lausanne1015Switzerland
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15
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Zhang Z, Hu X. Visible‐Light‐Driven Catalytic Deracemization of Secondary Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zhang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Poly-technique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Poly-technique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305 Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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16
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Serusi L, Massa A, Tedesco C, Capobianco A, Palombi L. The First Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Sulfinyl-Substituted Isoindolinones Having Adjacent Carbon and Sulfur Stereocenters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10630-10639. [PMID: 34255964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A highly stereoselective access to 3-sulfinyl-substituted isoindolinones has been achieved by a tandem organocatalytic addition/cyclization reaction of 2-carbobenzyloxy-N-tosylbenzylidenimine with thiols and succeeding diastereoselective oxidation with MCPBA. First, enantioenriched isoindolinone N,S-acetals have been obtained through a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation induced by a bifunctional chiral thiourea organocatalyst. In turn, the newly created carbon stereocenter enabled a high diastereocontrol in the subsequent sulfoxidation. Based on DFT calculations, a theoretical rationale for the stereoselectivity of the oxidation reaction is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Serusi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno 132-84084, Italy
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno 132-84084, Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno 132-84084, Italy
| | - Amedeo Capobianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli″, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, Salerno 132-84084, Italy
| | - Laura Palombi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, L'Aquila 10-67100, Italy
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17
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Lau S, Gasperini D, Webster RL. Amine-Boranes as Transfer Hydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reagents: A Mechanistic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14272-14294. [PMID: 32935898 PMCID: PMC8248159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transfer hydrogenation (TH) has historically been dominated by Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reactions. However, with growing interest in amine-boranes, not least ammonia-borane (H3 N⋅BH3 ), as potential hydrogen storage materials, these compounds have also started to emerge as an alternative reagent in TH reactions. In this Review we discuss TH chemistry using H3 N⋅BH3 and their analogues (amine-boranes and metal amidoboranes) as sacrificial hydrogen donors. Three distinct pathways were considered: 1) classical TH, 2) nonclassical TH, and 3) hydrogenation. Simple experimental mechanistic probes can be employed to distinguish which pathway is operating and computational analysis can corroborate or discount mechanisms. We find that the pathway in operation can be perturbed by changing the temperature, solvent, amine-borane, or even the substrate used in the system, and subsequently assignment of the mechanism can become nontrivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lau
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathUK
| | | | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathUK
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18
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Lau S, Gasperini D, Webster RL. Amine–Boranes as Transfer Hydrogenation and Hydrogenation Reagents: A Mechanistic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lau
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath UK
| | - Danila Gasperini
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath UK
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of Chemistry University of Bath Claverton Down Bath UK
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19
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Harwood LA, Wong LL, Robertson J. Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution by Addition of Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Harwood
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Luet L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
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20
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Harwood LA, Wong LL, Robertson J. Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution by Addition of Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4434-4447. [PMID: 33037837 PMCID: PMC7986699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic resolution using biocatalysis has proven to be an excellent complementary technique to traditional asymmetric catalysis for the production of enantioenriched compounds. Resolution using oxidative enzymes produces valuable oxygenated structures for use in synthetic route development. This Minireview focuses on enzymes which catalyse the insertion of an oxygen atom into the substrate and, in so doing, can achieve oxidative kinetic resolution. The Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement, epoxidation, and hydroxylation are included, and biological advancements in enzyme development, and applications of these key enantioenriched intermediates in natural product synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Harwood
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Luet L. Wong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordInorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced ResearchRuo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced ResearchRuo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial ParkJiangsu215123P. R. China
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21
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Guajardo N, Domínguez de María P. Production of Bulk Chemicals with Biocatalysis: Drivers and Challenges Reflected in Recent Industrial Granted Patents (2015-2020). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030736. [PMID: 33572610 PMCID: PMC7867018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of biocatalysis and White Biotechnology tools in chemical areas concerning the production of bulk compounds and other related low-added value products (with high volumes) has been gaining importance in recent years. The expected drivers of biocatalysis for these sectors are energy savings, regioselectivity (leading to cleaner products), the possibility of using thermolabile substrates, as well as the generation of less by-products and manageable wastes. This paper explores some recent industrial granted patents related to biocatalysis and bulk chemicals. Several patents have been identified in fields such as biodiesel and esterification reactions, and sugar or furan chemistry. Overall, innovative strategies involve the identification of novel enzymes, the set-up of improved immobilization methods, as well as novel reactor designs that can offer improved performances and economics. The reported examples indicate that biocatalysis can certainly offer opportunities for these areas as well, far from the typical pharmaceutical and fine chemical applications often reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Guajardo
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Santiago de Chile 8940000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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22
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Winkler C, Schrittwieser JH, Kroutil W. Power of Biocatalysis for Organic Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:55-71. [PMID: 33532569 PMCID: PMC7844857 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using defined enzymes for organic transformations, has become a common tool in organic synthesis, which is also frequently applied in industry. The generally high activity and outstanding stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity observed in many biotransformations are the result of a precise control of the reaction in the active site of the biocatalyst. This control is achieved by exact positioning of the reagents relative to each other in a fine-tuned 3D environment, by specific activating interactions between reagents and the protein, and by subtle movements of the catalyst. Enzyme engineering enables one to adapt the catalyst to the desired reaction and process. A well-filled biocatalytic toolbox is ready to be used for various reactions. Providing nonnatural reagents and conditions and evolving biocatalysts enables one to play with the myriad of options for creating novel transformations and thereby opening new, short pathways to desired target molecules. Combining several biocatalysts in one pot to perform several reactions concurrently increases the efficiency of biocatalysis even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph
K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth − University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Redox-driven deracemization of secondary alcohols by sequential ether/O2-mediated oxidation and Ru-catalyzed asymmetric reduction. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Benda MC, France S. Chiral disulfonimides: a versatile template for asymmetric catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7485-7513. [PMID: 32940322 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01742f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of pseudo-C2-symmetric chiral phosphoric acids (CPA), much work has been done to utilize these systems in stereoselective, organocatalytic processes. Despite the success in this field, reasonably basic substrates such as imines are often required to achieve appreciable activation. In order to access a wider variety of potential reaction partners, many related organocatalysts with enhanced Brønsted acidity have since been developed. Chiral disulfonimides (DSIs) have materialized as one such powerful class of organocatalysts and have been shown to expand the list of potential substrates to include aldehydes and ketones via Brønsted, Lewis, or bifunctional acid activation. This versatility renders DSIs amenable to an impressive scope of reaction types, typically with remarkable stereoselectivity induced by asymmetric counteranion-directed catalysis (ACDC). This review serves to provide a complete analysis of the successful applications, mechanistic insights, and unmet challenges exhibited to date in DSI-catalyzed and -assisted processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Benda
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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25
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One-pot two-step chemoenzymatic deracemization of allylic alcohols using laccases and alcohol dehydrogenases. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Maskeri MA, Schrader ML, Scheidt KA. A Sequential Umpolung/Enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Strategy for the Synthesis of γ-Lactones. Chemistry 2020; 26:5794-5798. [PMID: 32084294 PMCID: PMC7210063 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Combining biological and small-molecule catalysts under a chemoenzymatic manifold presents a series of significant advantages to the synthetic community. We report herein the successful development of a two-step/single flask synthesis of γ-lactones through the merger of Umpolung catalysis with a ketoreductase-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution, reduction, and cyclization. This combined approach delivers highly enantio- and diastereoenriched heterocycles and demonstrates the feasibility of integrating NHC catalysis with enzymatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Maskeri
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug, Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Malte L. Schrader
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug, Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug, Discovery, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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27
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Azofra LM, Tran MA, Zubar V, Cavallo L, Rueping M, El-Sepelgy O. Conversion of racemic alcohols to optically pure amine precursors enabled by catalyst dynamic kinetic resolution: experiment and computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9094-9097. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented base metal catalysed asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral amine precursors from racemic alcohols is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Azofra
- Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT)
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC)
- Campus de Tafira
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- Spain
| | - Mai Anh Tran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Viktoriia Zubar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
| | - Osama El-Sepelgy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen
- Germany
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