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Fan L, Zhu X, Liu X, He F, Yang G, Xu C, Yang X. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 3,n-Fused Tricyclic Indole Skeletons via Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041647. [PMID: 36838635 PMCID: PMC9964631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3,n-fused (n = 4-7) tricyclic indoles are pervasive motifs, embedded in a variety of biologically active molecules and natural products. Thus, numerous catalytic methods have been developed for the synthesis of these skeletons over the past few decades. In particular, palladium-catalyzed transformations have received much attention in recent years. This review summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of these tricyclic indoles with palladium-catalyzed domino reactions and their applications in the total synthesis of representative natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (C.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fangyu He
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Cuilian Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (C.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xifa Yang
- Institute of Pesticide, School of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (C.X.); (X.Y.)
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Chen Z, He Q, Guo H, Fan R. Anodic dearomatization of 2-alkynylanilines for the synthesis of multi-functionalized indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6797-6800. [PMID: 35611853 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An anodic oxidative dearomatization reaction of 2-alkynylanilines was developed. The formed dearomatized compounds were used as versatile precursors in the synthesis of a variety of benzenoid ring multi-functionalized indoles through simple conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Chen
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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Theoretical Study of the Geometry of Dibenzoazepine Analogues. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030790. [PMID: 35164062 PMCID: PMC8839008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometry of dibenzoazepine analogues—typical multifunctional drugs—was investigated to find the geometrical parameters sensitive to the substitution of the central seven-membered ring. Exploration of the crystal structure database (CSD) shows that the geometrical parameter sensitive to the substitution of the carbon atom distance of the central ring not included in the aromatic rings to the plane through the carbon atoms common for the central ring and the aromatic side rings. Presence of the double bond in the central ring was reflected in its partial aromaticity expressed by the HOMED parameter. Some derivatives of 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine with flat conformation of the central ring are characterized by mobility of the electron density comparable to the mobility in the aromatic side rings. Influence of the surrounding on the investigated compounds was confirmed by comparison of the optimized molecules and the molecules in the crystal state where the packing forces can influence the molecular geometry.
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Chen S, Li M, Gu Y. Acid-catalyzed cleavage of C-C bonds enables atropaldehyde acetals as masked C2 electrophiles for organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10431-10434. [PMID: 34549750 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04000f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed tandem reactions of atropaldehyde acetals were established for the synthesis of three important molecules, 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones, naphthofurans and stilbenes. The synthesis was realized using novel reaction cascades, which involved the same two initial steps: (i) SN2' substitution, in which the atropaldehyde acted as an electrophile; and (ii) oxidative cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond of the generated phenylacetaldehyde-type products. Compared with literature methods, the present protocol not only avoided the use of expensive noble metal catalysts, but also enabled a simple operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Minghao Li
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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Li L, Li X, Wang W, He Q, Fan R. Synthesis of 4-Alkylindoles from 2-Alkynylanilines via Dearomatization- and Aromatization-Triggered Alkyl Migration. Org Lett 2021; 23:2130-2134. [PMID: 33688741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for rapid synthesis of 4-alkylindoles from 2-alkynylanilines was reported. The protocol involves an oxidative dearomatization and an aromatization triggered regioselective alkyl migration. A range of alkyl groups including linear, branched, or cycloalkyl groups can be introduced into the C4 position of indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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He Y, Song L, Liu C, Wu D, Li Z, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV. Access to Polycyclic Azepino[5,4,3- cd]indoles via a Gold-Catalyzed Post-Ugi Dearomatization Cascade. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15092-15103. [PMID: 33200934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a rapid and diverse access to complex natural product-like 3,4-fused indole scaffolds has always attracted considerable attention from synthetic and medicinal communities. We herein disclose a modular and straightforward protocol to prepare the densely substituted polycyclic azepino[5,4,3-cd]indole scaffolds. This synthetic process involves an Ugi four-component reaction from easily available starting materials and a gold-catalyzed post-Ugi domino dearomatization/Michael addition sequence, enabling facile access to the highly functionalized azepino[5,4,3-cd]indole core with excellent chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liangliang Song
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chao Liu
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Danjun Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, 310014 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Chen S, Bai R, Li M, Liu P, Gu Y. Acid‐Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions Driven by an Additive‐Like Component. CHEM REC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832004 P.R. China
| | - Rongxian Bai
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Minghao Li
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi 832004 P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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