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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Shen N, Li R, Liu C, Shen X, Guan W, Shang R. Photocatalytic Cross-Couplings of Aryl Halides Enabled by o-Phosphinophenolate and o-Phosphinothiophenolate. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runhan Li
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuzhong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rui Shang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Yeow E, Wu X. Exploiting the upconversion luminescence, Lewis acid catalytic and photothermal properties of lanthanide-based nanomaterials for chemical and polymerization reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11455-11470. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide-based nanocrystals possess three unique physical properties that make them attractive for facilitating photoreactions, namely photon upconversion, Lewis acid catalytic activity and photothermal effect. When co-doped with suitable sensitizer and...
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Pan J, Tao Y, Zhao L, Yu X, Zhao X, Wu T, Liu L. Green preparation of quaternized vinylimidazole-based anion exchange membrane by photopolymerization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tan YZ, Wu X, Do TN, Nguyen HL, Tan HS, Chiba S, Yeow EKL. Electron Transfer Quenching of Rhodamine 6G by N-Methylpyrrole Is an Unproductive Process in the Photocatalytic Heterobiaryl Cross-Coupling Reaction. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8550-8557. [PMID: 34286993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the heterobiaryl cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides (Ar-X) and N-methylpyrrole (N-MP) catalyzed by rhodamine 6G (Rh6G+) under irradiation with visible light, a highly active and long-lived (millisecond time range) rhodamine 6G radical (Rh6G•) is formed upon electron transfer from N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) to Rh6G+. In this study, we utilized steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques to demonstrate the existence of another electron-transfer process occurring from the relatively electron-rich N-MP to photoexcited Rh6G+ that was neglected in the previous reports. In this case, the radical Rh6G• formed is short-lived and undergoes rapid recombination (nanosecond time-range), rendering it ineffective in reducing Ar-X to aryl radicals Ar• that can subsequently be trapped by N-MP. This is further demonstrated via two model reactions involving 4'-bromoacetophenone and 1,3,5-tribromobenzene with insignificant product yields after visible-light irradiation in the absence of DIPEA. The unproductive quenching of photoexcited Rh6G+ by N-MP leads to a lower concentration of photocatalyst available for competitive charge transfer with DIPEA and hence decreases the efficiency of the cross-coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhen Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Thanh Nhut Do
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Hoang Long Nguyen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Howe-Siang Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
| | - Edwin K L Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 636371, Singapore
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Du Q, Wu X, Bi W, Xing B, Yeow EKL. Increasing antibiotic activity by rapid bioorthogonal conjugation of drug to resistant bacteria using an upconverted light-activated photocatalyst. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3136-3142. [PMID: 33656045 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic vancomycin (Van) is often used as the drug of last resort to treat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Due to the emergence of Van-resistant microbes, it is necessary to continuously design strategies to increase the efficacy of Van against resistant cells. In this study, an efficient method of bio-conjugating Van to bacteria is proposed using near-infrared (NIR)-light activation. A Nd3+-sensitized upconversion nanocrystal (UCNC) decorated with toluidine blue O (TB) on its surface undergoes upconverted energy transfer from the UCNC to TB when excited by 808 nm light. The photoexcited TB then catalyses the conversion of the dihydrotetrazine (dHTz) moiety in a Van-dHTz conjugate system to tetrazine which undergoes an efficient inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction with prior attached norbornene molecules on bacterial cell walls. The enhanced affinity of Van to bacteria by covalent bonding improves the activity of the drug against drug-resistant Enterococci, and the MIC is reduced by 6- to 7-fold as compared to neat Van. We demonstrate that the mode of action is due to increased inhibition of peptidoglycan cell wall biosynthesis. The findings in this study demonstrate that on-demand NIR-light activated bioorthogonal conjugation of Van to microbes is a viable alternative treatment in combating drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Du
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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Abstract
A protocol for photoinduced cross-coupling of aryl iodides having polar π-functional groups or elongated π-conjugation with alkenes has been developed. The radical cascade mechanism involving generation of aryl radicals via C-I bond homolysis of photoexcited aryl iodides and their subsequent addition to alkenes is proposed. The method enables iodide-selective cross-coupling over other halogen leaving groups with functional group compatibility on both arene and alkene motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Bugaenko DI, Volkov AA, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Generation of aryl radicals by redox processes. Recent progress in the arylation methodology. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arylation methods based on the generation and use of aryl radicals have been a rapidly growing field of research in recent years and currently represent a powerful strategy for carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bond formation. The progress in this field is related to advances in the methods for generation of aryl radicals. The currently used aryl radical precursors include aryl halides, aryldiazonium and diaryliodonium salts, arylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, arylboronic acids, arylhydrazines, organosulfur(II, VI) compounds and some other compounds. Aryl radicals are generated under mild conditions by single electron reduction or oxidation of precursors induced by conventional reagents, visible light or electric current. A crucial role in the development of the radical arylation methodology belongs to photoredox processes either catalyzed by transition metal complexes or organic dyes or proceeding without catalysts. Unlike the conventional transition metal-catalyzed arylation methods, radical arylation reactions proceed very often at room temperature and have high functional group tolerance. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this review covers the most important advances of the current decade in the generation and synthetic applications of (het)aryl radicals. Examples of reactions are given and mechanistic insights are highlighted.
The bibliography includes 341 references.
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