1
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Hu M, Zhang S, Qin C, Nie H, Xiong Z, Shi X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Selective Electrochemical Halogenation of Functionalized Quinolone. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12958-12970. [PMID: 37620989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an effective C3-H halogenation of quinoline-4(1H)-ones under electrochemical conditions, in which potassium halides serve as both halogenating agents and electrolytes. The protocol provides expedient access to different halogenated quinoline-4(1H)-ones with unique regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis employing convenient, environmentally friendly electrolysis, in an undivided cell. Mechanism studies have shown that halogen radicals can promote the activation of N-H bonds in quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang H, Su RC, Qin YL, Wang XJ, Chen D, Liu XR, Jiang YX, Zhao P. Regioselective synthesis of 3-nitroindoles under non-acidic and non-metallic conditions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26581-26586. [PMID: 37674482 PMCID: PMC10478488 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrophilic substitution reaction, without acid and metal, of indole with ammonium tetramethylnitrate for accessing 3-nitroindole has been developed. In this protocol, trifluoroacetyl nitrate (CF3COONO2) was produced by metathesis of ammonium tetramethyl nitrate and trifluoroacetic anhydride at sub-room temperature. Trifluoroacetyl nitrate (CF3COONO2) is an electrophilic nitrating agent for a variety of indoles, aromatic and heterocyclic aromaticity. Meanwhile, this strategy could be applied to construct the skeleton structure of many kinds of bioactive molecules. Interestingly, 3-nitroindole can be further derivatived as a pyrrolo[2,3-b]indole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Rong-Chuan Su
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Yu-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- Department of Innovation & Entrepreneurship of NSMC China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Yu-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong 637100 China
- Institute of Materia Medica of North Sichuan Medical College China
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3
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Benz M, Dörrich S, Klapötke TM, Lenz T, Mouzayek M, Stierstorfer J. 4,5-Bisnitratomethyl and Similar Representatives of the Rare Class of 2-Nitro-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:5974-5977. [PMID: 37539977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A [3+2]-cycloaddition toward bishydroxymethyl-1,2,3-triazole makes the title compound available through selective nitration. The obtained sensitive 2-nitrotriazole was shown to have a high density of 1.764 g cm-3 and a detonation velocity of 8590 m s-1. It can also be classified as an oxidizer with an oxygen balance toward CO of 12%. Further representatives of this rare class of 2-nitro-1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized. One- and two-dimensional 15N NMR spectroscopy, crystal structure, and elemental analysis were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Benz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Dörrich
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Mouzayek
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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4
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Feng Q, Wang Y, Zheng B, Huang S. Electrochemical Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:293-297. [PMID: 36587377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable method for converting terminal alkynes into their corresponding carboxylic acids is reported using synthetic electrolysis in an undivided cell at room temperature. This protocol, avoiding transition metal catalysis and stoichiometric chemical oxidants, tolerates a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl akynes. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that sodium nitrite serves a triple role as the electrolyte, nitryl radical precursor, and a nitrosating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Binnan Zheng
- Ningxia Best Pharmaceutical Chemical Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750411, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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5
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Yang T, Li X, Deng S, Qi X, Cong H, Cheng HG, Shi L, Zhou Q, Zhuang L. From N-H Nitration to Controllable Aromatic Mononitration and Dinitration-The Discovery of a Versatile and Powerful N-Nitropyrazole Nitrating Reagent. JACS AU 2022; 2:2152-2161. [PMID: 36186553 PMCID: PMC9516713 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatics are tremendously valuable organic compounds with a long history of being used as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and explosives as well as vital intermediates to a wide variety of chemicals. Consequently, the exploration of aromatic nitration has become an important endeavor in both academia and industry. Herein, we report the identification of a powerful nitrating reagent, 5-methyl-1,3-dinitro-1H-pyrazole, from the N-nitro-type reagent library constructed using a practical N-H nitration method. This nitrating reagent behaves as a controllable source of the nitronium ion, enabling mild and scalable nitration of a broad range of (hetero)arenes with good functional group tolerance. Of note, our nitration method could be controlled by manipulating the reaction conditions to furnish mononitrated or dinitrated product selectively. The value of this method in medicinal chemistry has been well established by its efficient late-stage C-H nitration of complex biorelevant molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the powerfulness and versatility of this nitrating reagent are due to the synergistic "nitro effect" and "methyl effect".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Gang Cheng
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liangwei Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianghui Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- TaiKang
Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan
University, 430072 Wuhan, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 345 Lingling
Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
- Sauvage
Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon
Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Lab on
Organic and Polymeric OptoElectronic Materials, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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6
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Zou J, Deng J, Qin Y, Li T, Zhou X, Lu M, Wang P. Continuous and electrochemical synthesis of 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’‐ hexanitrostilbene. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiedong Zou
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jie Deng
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yaqi Qin
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ming Lu
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Chemical Engineering No.200 Xiaolingwei Street 210094 Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. CHINA
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7
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Yount J, Piercey DG. Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8809-8840. [PMID: 35290022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It is innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry is commonly applied globally in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, but the energetic materials field lags in this regard. In this review, we endeavor to cover the entire history of synthetic electrochemistry for the preparation of energetic materials and detail the electrochemical transformations of high-nitrogen materials that are relevant for the preparation of new energetic molecules. We hope this review serves as a starting point to inform those involved in synthetic energetic materials chemistry, and those interested in other applications of high-nitrogen molecules, about the environmentally friendly electrochemical methods available for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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8
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Kudale VS, Chu CP, Wang JJ. Selective C 3-nitrosation of imidazopyridines using AgNO 3 as the NO source. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel method for selective radical nitrosation of imidazo[1, 2-a]pyridine derivatives using AgNO3 as a NO source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Suresh Kudale
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Piao Chu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jeh-Jeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100 Tzyou 1st Rd, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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10
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Xia D, Shen LY, Zhang Y, Yang WC. Radical spirocyclization of biaryl ynones for the construction of NO 2-containing spiro[5.5]trienones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An efficient 6-exo-trig radical cascade reaction of biaryl ynones with NaNO2 was developed to afford nitro-functionalized spiro[5.5]trienones with yields of up to 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yu Shen
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
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11
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Blum SP, Nickel C, Schäffer L, Karakaya T, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Nitration with Nitrite. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4936-4940. [PMID: 34583423 PMCID: PMC9298355 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic nitration has tremendous importance in organic chemistry as nitroaromatic compounds serve as versatile building blocks. This study represents the electrochemical aromatic nitration with NBu4 NO2 , which serves a dual role as supporting electrolyte and as a safe, readily available, and easy-to-handle nitro source. Stoichiometric amounts of 1,1,1-3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) in MeCN significantly increase the yield by solvent control. The reaction mechanism is based on electrochemical oxidation of nitrite to NO2 , which initiates the nitration reaction in a divided electrolysis cell with inexpensive graphite electrodes. Overall, the reaction is demonstrated for 20 examples with yields of up to 88 %. Scalability is demonstrated by a 13-fold scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P. Blum
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christean Nickel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tarik Karakaya
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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12
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Wang HZ, Li JZ, Guo Z, Zheng H, Wei WT. Visible-Light-Catalyzed N-Radical-Enabled Cyclization of Alkenes for the Synthesis of Five-Membered N-Heterocycles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4658-4670. [PMID: 34402206 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Five-membered N-heterocycles play an important role in organic synthesis and material chemistry, as they are widespread through pharmaceutical molecules and natural products. Chemists have developed many synthetic strategies for constructing five-membered N-heterocycles from N-centered radicals, but the availability of mild and green methods for these transformations is still limited. The cyclization of visible-light-generated N-centered radicals with alkenes has emerged as a powerful tool to enable these chemical transformations in recent years. Through chosen representative examples, the significant developments in this promising field were outlined, including the selection of catalysts, substrate scope, mechanistic understanding (especially density functional theory calculations), and applications. The contents of this Minireview are categorized by intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular N-centered radical addition/cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Zheng
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
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13
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Ghosh D, Ghosh S, Hajra A. Electrochemical Functionalization of Imidazopyridine and Indazole: An Overview. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry St. Joseph's College (Autonomous) Bangalore 560027 Karnataka India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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14
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Du Z, Qi Q, Gao W, Ma L, Liu Z, Wang R, Chen J. Electrochemical Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Construction. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100178. [PMID: 34463430 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom-heteroatom linkage, with S-S bond as a presentative motif, served a crucial role in biochemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and material sciences. Thus, preparation of the privileged scaffold has always been attracting tremendous attention from the synthetic community. However, classic protocols suffered from several drawbacks, such as toxic and unstable agents, poor functional group tolerance, multiple steps, and explosive oxidizing regents as well as the transitional metal catalysts. Electrochemical organic synthesis exhibited a promising alternative to the traditional chemical reaction due to the sustainable electricity can be employed as the traceless redox agents. Hence, toxic and explosive oxidants and/or transitional metals could be discarded under mild reaction with high efficiency. In this context, a series of electrochemical approaches for the construction of heteroatom-heteroatom bond were reviewed. Notably, most of the cases illustrated the dehydrogenative feature with the clean energy molecules hydrogen as the sole by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Archives of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxian Liu
- Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China.,Intellectual Property Operations Management Office, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, People's Republic of China
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15
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Wang Y, You S, Ruan M, Wang F, Ma C, Lu C, Yang G, Chen Z, Gao M. The Use of Potassium/Sodium Nitrite as a Nitrosating Agent in the Electrooxidative
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‐Nitrosation of Secondary Amines. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Shiqi You
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Mengyao Ruan
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Chao Ma
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Cuifen Lu
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Guichun Yang
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Zuxing Chen
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
| | - Meng Gao
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecule & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University 430062 Wuhan China
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16
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