1
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Li Z, Wang B, Zhang C, Lo WY, Yang L, Sun J. Catalytic Enantioselective Nucleophilic α-Chlorination of Ketones with NaCl. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2779-2788. [PMID: 38238317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective α-chlorination of ketones is a highly desirable process. Different from the conventional approaches that employ corrosive electrophilic chlorination reagents, the process disclosed here employs nucleophilic chloride, aqueous NaCl solution, and even seawater, as green inexpensive chlorine sources. This mechanistically distinct and electronically opposite approach provides facile access to diverse highly enantioenriched acyclic α-chloro ketones that are less straightforward by conventional approaches. With a chiral thiourea catalyst, a range of racemic α-keto sulfonium salts underwent enantioconvergent carbon-chlorine bond formation with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity under mild conditions. The sulfonium motif plays a crucial triple role by permitting smooth dynamic kinetic resolution to take place via a chiral anion binding mechanism in a well-designed phase-transfer system. This protocol represents a new general platform for the asymmetric nucleophilic α-functionalization of carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, HKUST, No. 9 Yuexing First Rd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Chaoshen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Wai Yam Lo
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, HKUST, No. 9 Yuexing First Rd, Shenzhen 518057, China
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2
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Huang W, Yang J, Gao K, Wang Z, Huang G, Yao W, Yang J. Construction of Enantioenriched Quaternary C-Cl Oxindoles through Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution with Chloroenolates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15298-15310. [PMID: 37831540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric chloroenolate allylation with vinyl benzoxazinanones under mild reaction conditions has been developed, affording a series of optically active 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles exhibiting a chloro-group and a linear aryl amino side chain in good yields with up to 96% ee. Versatile functional group tolerance on the benzene ring has been demonstrated, and the utility of this method was probed by a scale-up synthesis and highlighted by product derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jingjie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Kai Gao
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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3
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Weinzierl D, Piringer M, Zebrowski P, Stockhammer L, Waser M. Photochemical Wolff Rearrangement Initiated Generation and Subsequent α-Chlorination of C1 Ammonium Enolates. Org Lett 2023; 25:3126-3130. [PMID: 37098273 PMCID: PMC10167681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of α-chlorinated carboxylic acid esters with er up to 99:1 and yields up to 82% was achieved via a one-pot multistep protocol starting from α-diazoketones. This process proceeds via a photochemical Wolff rearrangement, trapping of the generated ketene with a chiral Lewis base catalyst, subsequent enantioselective α-chlorination, and a final nucleophilic displacement of the bound catalyst. The obtained products were successfully utilized for stereospecific nucleophilic displacement reactions with N- and S-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinzierl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Piringer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Paul Zebrowski
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lotte Stockhammer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Waser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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4
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Li JL, Yang SL, Dai QS, Huang H, Jiang L, Li QZ, Wang QW, Zhang X, Han B. Modular synthesis of 1,4-diketones through regioselective bis-acylation of olefins by merging NHC and photoredox catalysis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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5
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Qi L, Qin Y, Wang X, Chai H, Zhu W, Zhou Y. Electrophilic Halogen Reagents-mediated Halogenation: Synthesis of Halogenated Dihydro-1,3-oxazine Derivatives. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Wang X, Chen X, Qi L, Ma X, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Zhu W. Halogenation of Unsaturated Amides: Synthesis of Halogenated (Spiro)Oxazolines. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- College of Life Sciences China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- College of Life Sciences China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Liang Qi
- College of Life Sciences China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xingyu Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences China Jiliang University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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7
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Bondzić BP, Daskalakis K, Taniguchi T, Monde K, Hayashi Y. Stereoselective Construction of Fluorinated Quaternary Stereogenic Centers via an Organocatalytic Asymmetric exo-Selective Diels-Alder Reaction in the Presence of Water. Org Lett 2022; 24:7455-7460. [PMID: 36190808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic, asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of α-fluoro α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and cyclopentadiene was developed using diarylprolinol silyl ether as an organocatalyst. The reaction proceeds in toluene with trifluoroacetic acid as an additive (condition A). Perchloric acid salt of diarylprolinol silyl ether also promotes the reaction using water as a reaction medium (condition B). In both cases, excellent exo-selectivity and enantioselectivity were obtained with generation of a fluorinated quaternary chiral center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan P Bondzić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Konstantinos Daskalakis
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tohru Taniguchi
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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8
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Zheng Y, Zhang S, Low KH, Zi W, Huang Z. A Unified and Desymmetric Approach to Chiral Tertiary Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1951-1961. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suihan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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10
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Long HJ, Li YL, Zhang BQ, Xiao WY, Zhang XY, He L, Deng J. Asymmetric Bromoaminocyclization and Desymmetrization of Cyclohexa-1,4-dienes through Anion Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:8153-8157. [PMID: 34623166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective desymmetrizing bromoaminocyclization of prochiral cyclohexa-1,4-dienes has been achieved by using chiral anion phase-transfer catalysis, providing a range of enantioenriched cis-3a-arylhydroindoles bearing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter in good yields (up to 78%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). Furthermore, the potential application of this methodology to natural product total synthesis was demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-Mesembrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jiao Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yin-Long Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bing-Qian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wen-Ying Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ling He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
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11
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Zhang YF, Dong XY, Cheng JT, Yang NY, Wang LL, Wang FL, Luan C, Liu J, Li ZL, Gu QS, Liu XY. Enantioconvergent Cu-Catalyzed Radical C-N Coupling of Racemic Secondary Alkyl Halides to Access α-Chiral Primary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15413-15419. [PMID: 34505516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
α-Chiral alkyl primary amines are virtually universal synthetic precursors for all other α-chiral N-containing compounds ubiquitous in biological, pharmaceutical, and material sciences. The enantioselective amination of common alkyl halides with ammonia is appealing for potential rapid access to α-chiral primary amines, but has hitherto remained rare due to the multifaceted difficulties in using ammonia and the underdeveloped C(sp3)-N coupling. Here we demonstrate sulfoximines as excellent ammonia surrogates for enantioconvergent radical C-N coupling with diverse racemic secondary alkyl halides (>60 examples) by copper catalysis under mild thermal conditions. The reaction efficiently provides highly enantioenriched N-alkyl sulfoximines (up to 99% yield and >99% ee) featuring secondary benzyl, propargyl, α-carbonyl alkyl, and α-cyano alkyl stereocenters. In addition, we have converted the masked α-chiral primary amines thus obtained to various synthetic building blocks, ligands, and drugs possessing α-chiral N-functionalities, such as carbamate, carboxylamide, secondary and tertiary amine, and oxazoline, with commonly seen α-substitution patterns. These results shine light on the potential of enantioconvergent radical cross-coupling as a general chiral carbon-heteroatom formation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Dong
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Cheng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ning-Yuan Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fu-Li Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng Luan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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12
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Maria Faisca Phillips A, Pombeiro AJL. Recent Developments in Enantioselective Organocatalytic Cascade Reactions for the Construction of Halogenated Ring Systems. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Faisca Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
- Рeoples' Friendship University of Russia RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street Moscow 117198 Russian Federation
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13
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Mousavi H. A comprehensive survey upon diverse and prolific applications of chitosan-based catalytic systems in one-pot multi-component synthesis of heterocyclic rings. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:1003-1166. [PMID: 34174311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are among the most prestigious and valuable chemical molecules with diverse and magnificent applications in various sciences. Due to the remarkable and numerous properties of the heterocyclic frameworks, the development of efficient and convenient synthetic methods for the preparation of such outstanding compounds is of great importance. Undoubtedly, catalysis has a conspicuous role in modern chemical synthesis and green chemistry. Therefore, when designing a chemical reaction, choosing and or preparing powerful and environmentally benign simple catalysts or complicated catalytic systems for an acceleration of the chemical reaction is a pivotal part of work for synthetic chemists. Chitosan, as a biocompatible and biodegradable pseudo-natural polysaccharide is one of the excellent choices for the preparation of suitable catalytic systems due to its unique properties. In this review paper, every effort has been made to cover all research articles in the field of one-pot synthesis of heterocyclic frameworks in the presence of chitosan-based catalytic systems, which were published roughly by the first quarter of 2020. It is hoped that this review paper can be a little help to synthetic scientists, methodologists, and catalyst designers, both on the laboratory and industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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14
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Majdecki M, Grodek P, Jurczak J. Stereoselective α-Chlorination of β-Keto Esters in the Presence of Hybrid Amide-Based Cinchona Alkaloids as Catalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:995-1001. [PMID: 33320665 PMCID: PMC7872425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report an enantioselective phase transfer α-chlorination
of β-keto esters catalyzed by hybrid amide-based Cinchona derivatives. The chlorination process proceeds
with proper quantitative yields (up to <99%) and high asymmetric
induction (up to 97% ee). We show that the use of only 0.5 mol % hybrid
catalyst based on a Cinchona core allows
the chlorination reaction to be conducted in a highly enantioselective
manner with various indanone and tetralone carboxylate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Majdecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Grodek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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