1
|
Jin X, Li X, Zou L, Zheng Z, Ouyang J. Biological Valorization of Lignin-Derived Aromatics in Hydrolysate to Protocatechuic Acid by Engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Molecules 2024; 29:1555. [PMID: 38611834 PMCID: PMC11013400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alongside fermentable sugars, weak acids, and furan derivatives, lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain non-negligible amounts of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. The biological funnel of lignin offers a new strategy for the "natural" production of protocatechuic acid (PCA). Herein, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was engineered to produce PCA from lignin-derived monomers in hydrolysates by knocking out protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and overexpressing vanillate-O-demethylase endogenously, while acetic acid was used for cell growth. The sugar catabolism was further blocked to prevent the loss of fermentable sugar. Using the engineered strain, a total of 253.88 mg/L of PCA was obtained with a yield of 70.85% from corncob hydrolysate 1. The highest titer of 433.72 mg/L of PCA was achieved using corncob hydrolysate 2 without any additional nutrients. This study highlights the potential ability of engineered strains to address the challenges of PCA production from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, providing novel insights into the utilization of hydrolysates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.J.); (X.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang R, Li C, Wu J, Du W, Jiang T, Yang Y, Yang X, Gong M. Coordination-Promoted Bio-Catechol Electro-Reforming toward Sustainable Polymer Production. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18516-18528. [PMID: 37503928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable polymer production is essential for a carbon-neutral society. cis,cis-Muconic acid is attracting growing interest as a biomass-derived platform molecule with direct access to adipic acid and terephthalic acid, prominent monomers of commercial polymers. Here, a sustainable route of electro-reforming biorenewable catechol to cis,cis-muconic acid with concurrent H2 production has been proposed. By using a CuO foam electrode, a high cis,cis-muconate yield of 90% and a high faradaic efficiency of 87% can be achieved under ambient conditions without external oxidant. Zn2+ coordination with the catechol is central to the yield and selectivity. In a combinatory analysis via steady-state electrochemical kinetics, in situ spectroscopy, and theoretical calculation, we revealed that the reaction ensemble of catechol electrooxidation involves three major processes of polymerization, ring cleavage, and depolymerization, in which Zn2+ coordination is highly effective in delaying polymerization and promoting ring cleavage toward cis,cis-muconate. The catecholate coordinated to the Zn2+ cations reallocated its electron density with partial structural deformation to accelerate the electron transfer and facilitate the OH- nucleophilic attack. A practical two-electrode system was eventually demonstrated to efficiently and stably electro-reform catechol into isolable cis,cis-muconic acid and hydrogen, providing solutions for polymer sustainability via utilizing alternative biomass resources and electrified processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yizhou Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lignin Valorization: Production of High Value-Added Compounds by Engineered Microorganisms. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant polymer in nature, which is also widely generated during biomass fractionation in lignocellulose biorefineries. At present, most of technical lignin is simply burnt for energy supply although it represents the richest natural source of aromatics, and thus it is a promising feedstock for generation of value-added compounds. Lignin is heterogeneous in composition and recalcitrant to degradation, with this substantially hampering its use. Notably, microbes have evolved particular enzymes and specialized metabolic pathways to degrade this polymer and metabolize its various aromatic components. In recent years, novel pathways have been designed allowing to establish engineered microbial cell factories able to efficiently funnel the lignin degradation products into few metabolic intermediates, representing suitable starting points for the synthesis of a variety of valuable molecules. This review focuses on recent success cases (at the laboratory/pilot scale) based on systems metabolic engineering studies aimed at generating value-added and specialty chemicals, with much emphasis on the production of cis,cis-muconic acid, a building block of recognized industrial value for the synthesis of plastic materials. The upgrade of this global waste stream promises a sustainable product portfolio, which will become an industrial reality when economic issues related to process scale up will be tackled.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grimm C, Pompei S, Egger K, Fuchs M, Kroutil W. Anaerobic demethylation of guaiacyl-derived monolignols enabled by a designed artificial cobalamin methyltransferase fusion enzyme. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5770-5777. [PMID: 36816070 PMCID: PMC9930637 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08005b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin-derived aryl methyl ethers (e.g. coniferyl alcohol, ferulic acid) are expected to be a future carbon source for chemistry. The well-known P450 dependent biocatalytic O-demethylation of these aryl methyl ethers is prone to side product formation especially for the oxidation sensitive catechol products which get easily oxidized in the presence of O2. Alternatively, biocatalytic demethylation using cobalamin dependent enzymes may be used under anaerobic conditions, whereby two proteins, namely a methyltransferase and a carrier protein are required. To make this approach applicable for preparative transformations, fusion proteins were designed connecting the cobalamin-dependent methyltransferase (MT) with the corrinoid-binding protein (CP) from Desulfitobacterium hafniense by variable glycine linkers. From the proteins created, the fusion enzyme MT-L5-CP with the shortest linker performed best of all fusion enzymes investigated showing comparable and, in some aspects, even better performance than the separated proteins. The fusion enzymes provided several advantages like that the cobalamin cofactor loading step required originally for the CP could be skipped enabling a significantly simpler protocol. Consequently, the biocatalytic demethylation was performed using Schlenk conditions allowing the O-demethylation e.g. of the monolignol coniferyl alcohol on a 25 mL scale leading to 75% conversion. The fusion enzyme represents a promising starting point to be evolved for alternative demethylation reactions to diversify natural products and to valorize lignin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Simona Pompei
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kristina Egger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria .,BioTechMed Graz 8010 Graz Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vignali E, Gigli M, Cailotto S, Pollegioni L, Rosini E, Crestini C. The Laccase-Lig Multienzymatic Multistep System in Lignin Valorization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201147. [PMID: 35917230 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A laccase-Lig multienzymatic multistep system for lignin depolymerization was designed and developed. Studies were performed on pristine and fractionated lignins (Kraft and Organosolv) using a specific cascade of enzymes, that is, laccases from Bacillus licheniformis and from Funalia trogii, respectively for Kraft and Organosolv lignin, followed by the Lig system from Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 (β-etherases Lig E and Lig F, glutathione lyase Lig G). Careful elucidation of the structural modifications occurring in the residual lignins associated with the identification and quantification of the generated low-molecular-weight compounds showed that (i) the laccase-Lig system cleaves non-phenolic aryl glycerol β-O-4 aryl ether bonds, and (ii) the overall reactivity is heavily dependent on the individual lignin structure. More specifically, samples with low phenolic/aliphatic OH groups ratio undergo net depolymerization, while an increased phenolic/aliphatic OH ratio results in the polymerization of the residual lignin irrespective of its botanical origin and isolation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vignali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI/- Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Cailotto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
- CSGI/- Center for Colloid and Surface Science, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang N, Kong Y, Li J, Hu Y, Li X, Jiang S, Dong C. Synthesis and application of phosphorylated saccharides in researching carbohydrate-based drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116806. [PMID: 35696797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated saccharides are valuable targets in glycochemistry and glycobiology, which play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. The current research on phosphorylated saccharides primarily focuses on small molecule inhibitors, glycoconjugate vaccines and novel anti-tumour targeted drug carrier materials. It can maximise the pharmacological effects and reduce the toxicity risk caused by nonspecific off-target reactions of drug molecules. However, the number and types of natural phosphorylated saccharides are limited, and the complexity and heterogeneity of their structures after extraction and separation seriously restrict their applications in pharmaceutical development. The increasing demands for the research on these molecules have extensively promoted the development of carbohydrate synthesis. Numerous innovative synthetic methodologies have been reported regarding the continuous expansion of the potential building blocks, catalysts, and phosphorylation reagents. This review summarizes the latest methods for enzymatic and chemical synthesis of phosphorylated saccharides, emphasizing their breakthroughs in yield, reactivity, regioselectivity, and application scope. Additionally, the anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, immunoregulatory and other biological activities of some phosphorylated saccharides and their applications were also reviewed. Their structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action were discussed and the key phosphorylation characteristics, sites and extents responsible for observed biological activities were emphasised. This paper will provide a reference for the application of phosphorylated saccharide in the research of carbohydrate-based drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yuanfang Kong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yulong Hu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Shiqing Jiang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Polysaccharide Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Polysaccharides and Drugs Research, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carballares D, Rocha-Martin J, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Chemical amination of immobilized enzymes for enzyme coimmobilization: Reuse of the most stable immobilized and modified enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:688-697. [PMID: 35358572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although Lecitase and the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) could be coimmobilized on octyl-agarose, the stability of Lecitase was lower than that of TLL causing the user to discard active immobilized TLL when Lecitase was inactivated. Here, we propose the chemical amination of immobilized TLL to ionically exchange Lecitase on immobilized TLL, which should be released to the medium after its inactivation by incubation at high ionic strength. Using conditions where Lecitase was only adsorbed on immobilized TLL after its amination, the combibiocatalyst was produced. Unfortunately, the release of Lecitase was not possible using just high ionic strength solutions, and if detergent was added, TLL was also released from the support. This occurred when using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate, Lecitase did not immobilize on aminated TLL. That makes the use octyl-vinylsulfone supports necessary to irreversibly immobilize TLL, and after blocking with ethylendiamine, the immobilized TLL was aminated. Lecitase immobilized and released from this biocatalyst using 0.25 M ammonium sulfate and 0.1% Triton X-100. That way, a coimmobilized TLL and Lecitase biocatalyst could be produced, and after Lecitase inactivation, it could be released and the immobilized, aminated, and fully active TLL could be utilized to build a new combibiocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academic, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|