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Kolahi Azar H, Imanpour A, Rezaee H, Ezzatifar F, Zarei-Behjani Z, Rostami M, Azami M, Behestizadeh N, Rezaei N. Mesenchymal stromal cells and CAR-T cells in regenerative medicine: The homing procedure and their effective parameters. Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:153-173. [PMID: 37254607 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are two core elements in cell therapy procedures. MSCs have significant immunomodulatory effects that alleviate inflammation in the tissue regeneration process, while administration of specific chemokines and adhesive molecules would primarily facilitate CAR-T cell trafficking into solid tumors. Multiple parameters affect cell homing, including the recipient's age, the number of cell passages, proper cell culture, and the delivery method. In addition, several chemokines are involved in the tumor microenvironment, affecting the homing procedure. This review discusses parameters that improve the efficiency of cell homing and significant cell therapy challenges. Emerging comprehensive mechanistic strategies such as non-systemic and systemic homing that revealed a significant role in cell therapy remodeling were also reviewed. Finally, the primary implications for the development of combination therapies that incorporate both MSCs and CAR-T cells for cancer treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Kolahi Azar
- Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aylar Imanpour
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Rezaee
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ezzatifar
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zeinab Zarei-Behjani
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Advanced School of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rostami
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Science and Nutrition Group (FSAN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Behestizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Huang F, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wei G, Xie Y, Wu G. Synergistic Effect of QNZ, an Inhibitor of NF-κB Signaling, and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 on Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Fibroblast-Induced Yes-Associated Protein Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097707. [PMID: 37175413 PMCID: PMC10178388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials carrying recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) have been developed to enhance bone regeneration in the treatment of bone defects. However, various reports have shown that in the bone repair microenvironment, fibroblasts can inhibit BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thus, factors that can target fibroblasts and improve BMP2-mediated osteogenesis should be explored. In this project, we focused on whether or not an inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, QNZ (EVP4593), could play a synergistic role with BMP2 in osteogenesis by regulating the activity of fibroblasts. The roles of QNZ in regulating the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts were examined. In addition, the effect of QNZ combined with BMP2 on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the detailed mechanisms by which QNZ improved BMP2-mediated osteogenesis through the modulation of fibroblasts were analyzed and revealed. Interestingly, we found that QNZ inhibited the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Thus, QNZ could relieve the inhibitory effects of fibroblasts on the homing and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, biomaterials carrying both QNZ and BMP2 showed better osteoinductivity than did those carrying BMP2 alone both in vitro and in vivo. It was found that the mechanism of QNZ involved reactivating YAP activity in mesenchymal stem cells, which was inhibited by fibroblasts. Taken together, our results suggest that QNZ may be a candidate factor for assisting BMP2 in inducing osteogenesis. The combined application of QNZ and BMP2 in biomaterials may be promising for the treatment of bone defects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Guozhen Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Gui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
- Department of Orthopedics, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China
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Type II Collagen-Conjugated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Micromass for Articular Tissue Targeting. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080880. [PMID: 34440084 PMCID: PMC8389618 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue engineering approach in osteoarthritic cell therapy often requires the delivery of a substantially high cell number due to the low engraftment efficiency as a result of low affinity binding of implanted cells to the targeted tissue. A modification towards the cell membrane that provides specific epitope for antibody binding to a target tissue may be a plausible solution to increase engraftment. In this study, we intercalated palmitated protein G (PPG) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and antibody, and evaluated their effects on the properties of MSCs either in monolayer state or in a 3D culture state (gelatin microsphere, GM). Bone marrow MSCs were intercalated with PPG (PPG-MSCs), followed by coating with type II collagen antibody (PPG-MSC-Ab). The effect of PPG and antibody conjugation on the MSC proliferation and multilineage differentiation capabilities both in monolayer and GM cultures was evaluated. PPG did not affect MSC proliferation and differentiation either in monolayer or 3D culture. The PPG-MSCs were successfully conjugated with the type II collagen antibody. Both PPG-MSCs with and without antibody conjugation did not alter MSC proliferation, stemness, and the collagen, aggrecan, and sGAG expression profiles. Assessment of the osteochondral defect explant revealed that the PPG-MSC-Ab micromass was able to attach within 48 h onto the osteochondral surface. Antibody-conjugated MSCs in GM culture is a potential method for targeted delivery of MSCs in future therapy of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis.
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Chen M, Li Y, Liu S, Feng Z, Wang H, Yang D, Guo W, Yuan Z, Gao S, Zhang Y, Zha K, Huang B, Wei F, Sang X, Tian Q, Yang X, sui X, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Guo Q. Hierarchical macro-microporous WPU-ECM scaffolds combined with Microfracture Promote in Situ Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Rabbits. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1932-1944. [PMID: 33426368 PMCID: PMC7772526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides a promising avenue for treating cartilage defects. However, great challenges remain in the development of structurally and functionally optimized scaffolds for cartilage repair and regeneration. In this study, decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) were employed to construct WPU and WPU-ECM scaffolds by water-based 3D printing using low-temperature deposition manufacturing (LDM) system, which combines rapid deposition manufacturing with phase separation techniques. The scaffolds successfully achieved hierarchical macro‐microporous structures. After adding ECM, WPU scaffolds were markedly optimized in terms of porosity, hydrophilia and bioactive components. Moreover, the optimized WPU-ECM scaffolds were found to be more suitable for cell distribution, adhesion, and proliferation than the WPU scaffolds. Most importantly, the WPU-ECM scaffold could facilitate the production of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen and the upregulation of cartilage-specific genes. These results indicated that the WPU-ECM scaffold with hierarchical macro‐microporous structures could recreate a favorable microenvironment for cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and ECM production. In vivo studies further revealed that the hierarchical macro‐microporous WPU-ECM scaffold combined with the microfracture procedure successfully regenerated hyaline cartilage in a rabbit model. Six months after implantation, the repaired cartilage showed a similar histological structure and mechanical performance to that of normal cartilage. In conclusion, the hierarchical macro‐microporous WPU-ECM scaffold may be a promising candidate for cartilage tissue engineering applications in the future. Hierarchical macro‐microporous scaffolds could be fabricated by low-temperature deposition manufacturing. Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) scaffolds were optimized by adding decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). The WPU-ECM scaffold provided a suitable microenvironment for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. The paradigm of WPU-ECM scaffold and microfracture (MF) has great potential for clinical application in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - YangYang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxuan Feng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Wei
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Sang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyu Tian
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang sui
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
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Xue J, Pisignano D, Xia Y. Maneuvering the Migration and Differentiation of Stem Cells with Electrospun Nanofibers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000735. [PMID: 32775158 PMCID: PMC7404157 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers have been extensively explored as a class of scaffolding materials for tissue regeneration, because of their unique capability to mimic some features and functions of the extracellular matrix, including the fibrous morphology and mechanical properties, and to a certain extent the chemical/biological cues. This work reviews recent progress in applying electrospun nanofibers to direct the migration of stem cells and control their differentiation into specific phenotypes. First, the physicochemical properties that make electrospun nanofibers well-suited as a supporting material to expand stem cells by controlling their migration and differentiation are introduced. Then various systems are analyzed in conjunction with mesenchymal, neuronal, and embryonic stem cells, as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. Finally, some perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in combining electrospun nanofibers with stem cells are offered to address clinical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xue
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di PisaLargo B. Pontecorvo 3PisaI‐56127Italy
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza S. Silvestro 12PisaI‐56127Italy
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistrySchool of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
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He XT, Li X, Xia Y, Yin Y, Wu RX, Sun HH, Chen FM. Building capacity for macrophage modulation and stem cell recruitment in high-stiffness hydrogels for complex periodontal regeneration: Experimental studies in vitro and in rats. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:162-180. [PMID: 30735811 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we found that although high-stiffness matrices stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), the macrophages (Mφs) in high-stiffness transglutaminase crosslinked gelatins (TG-gels) tended to undergo M1 polarization and hence compromised cell osteogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that the copresentation of interleukin (IL)-4 and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α in high-stiffness TG-gels may enhance periodontal regeneration by modulating Mφ polarization and promoting endogenous stem cell recruitment. We found that Mφs were more likely to polarize toward an immunomodulatory M2 state in the presence of IL-4 and hence positively influence the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs when these cells coexisted in either indirect or direct co-culture systems. In cell migration assays, BMSCs exhibited an enhanced capability to move toward gels containing SDF-1α, and more cells could be recruited into the three-dimensional matrix of TG-gels. When TG-gels containing IL-4 and/or SDF-1α were used to repair periodontal defects, more new bone (MicroCT) was formed in animals that received the dual cytokine-loaded transplants at 4 weeks postsurgery. Mφs were recruited to all the transplanted gels, and after one week, more M1-phenotype cells were found in the groups without IL-4, while the presence of IL-4 was more likely to result in M2 polarization (immunofluorescence staining). When the tissue biopsies were histologically examined, the TG-gels containing both IL-4 and SDF-1α led to a generally satisfactory regeneration with respect to attachment recovery (epithelial and connective tissue) and hybrid tissue regeneration (bone, periodontal ligament and cementum). Our data suggest that the incorporation of IL-4 into high-stiffness TG-gels may promote the M2 polarization of Mφs and that SDF-1α can be applied to guide endogenous cell homing. Overall, building capacity for Mφ modulation and cell recruitment in high-stiffness hydrogels represents a simple and effective strategy that can support high levels of periodontal tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The development of hydrogel-based regenerative therapies centered on the mobilization and stimulation of native cells for therapeutics opens a window toward realizing periodontal endogenous regeneration. In the present study, the parallel use of immunomodulatory and homing factors in high-stiffness hydrogel materials is shown to induce stem cell homing, modulate cell differentiation and indeed induce regrowth of the periodontium. We found that incorporation of interleukin (IL)-4 in high-stiffness TG-gels coaxed macrophages to polarize into M2 phenotypes, and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α could be applied to direct endogenous cell homing. Hence, we present for the first time a clinically relevant strategy based on macrophage modulation and host cell recruitment that can support high levels of periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China.
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