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Liu S, Sun J. Magnetic nanomaterials mediate precise magnetic therapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:052001. [PMID: 38981447 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad60cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-mediated precision magnet therapy plays a crucial role in treating various diseases. This therapeutic strategy compensates for the limitations of low spatial resolution and low focusing of magnetic stimulation, and realizes the goal of wireless teletherapy with precise targeting of focal areas. This paper summarizes the preparation methods of magnetic nanomaterials, the properties of magnetic nanoparticles, the biological effects, and the measurement methods for detecting magnetism; discusses the research progress of precision magnetotherapy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, neurological injuries, metabolic disorders, and bone-related disorders, and looks forward to the future development trend of precision magnet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
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2
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Vikram, Kumar S, Ali J, Baboota S. Potential of Nanocarrier-Associated Approaches for Better Therapeutic Intervention in the Management of Glioblastoma. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:73-85. [PMID: 38193798 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, commonly known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is one of the deadliest and most invasive types of brain cancer. Two factors account for the majority of the treatment limitations for GBM. First, the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) renders malignancy treatment ineffective, leading to recurrence without full recovery. Second, several adverse effects are associated with the drugs used in conventional GBM treatment. Recent studies have developed nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanocarriers, metal particles, and silica nanoparticles, which allow drug-loaded formulations to penetrate the BBB more effectively. This has opened up new possibilities for overcoming therapy issues. Extensive and methodical searches of databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and others were conducted to gather relevant literature for this work, using precise keyword combinations such as "GBM," "brain tumor," and "nanocarriers." This review provides deep insights into the administration of drugs using nanocarriers for the management of GBM and explores new advancements in nanotechnology. It also highlights how scientific developments can be explained in connection with hopeful findings about the potential of nanocarriers for the future successful management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET), Meerut, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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3
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Feng Y, Cao Y, Singh R, Janjua TI, Popat A. Silica nanoparticles for brain cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1749-1767. [PMID: 37905998 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2273830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain cancer is a debilitating disease with a poor survival rate. There are significant challenges for effective treatment due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-tumor barrier (BTB) which impedes drug delivery to tumor sites. Many nanomedicines have been tested in improving both the survival and quality of life of patients with brain cancer with the recent focus on inorganic nanoparticles such as silica nanoparticles (SNPs). This review examines the use of SNPs as a novel approach for diagnosing, treating, and theranostics of brain cancer. AREAS COVERED The review provides an overview of different brain cancers and current therapies available. A special focus on the key functional properties of SNPs is discussed which makes them an attractive material in the field of onco-nanomedicine. Strategies to overcome the BBB using SNPs are analyzed. Furthermore, recent advancements in active targeting, combination therapies, and innovative nanotherapeutics utilizing SNPs are discussed. Safety considerations, toxicity profiles, and regulatory aspects are addressed to provide an understanding of SNPs' translational potential. EXPERT OPINION SNPs have tremendous prospects in brain cancer research. The multifunctionality of SNPs has the potential to overcome both the BBB and BTB limitations and can be used for brain cancer imaging, drug delivery, and theranostics. The insights provided will facilitate the development of next-generation, innovative strategies, guiding future research toward improved diagnosis, targeted therapy, and better outcomes in brain cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Feng
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuxue Cao
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ravi Singh
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wu D, Chen Q, Chen X, Han F, Chen Z, Wang Y. The blood-brain barrier: structure, regulation, and drug delivery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:217. [PMID: 37231000 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB complicates the pharmacotherapy for CNS disorders as the most chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals have been impeded to enter the brain. Insufficient drug delivery into the brain leads to low therapeutic efficacy as well as aggravated side effects due to the accumulation in other organs and tissues. Recent breakthrough in materials science and nanotechnology provides a library of advanced materials with customized structure and property serving as a powerful toolkit for targeted drug delivery. In-depth research in the field of anatomical and pathological study on brain and BBB further facilitates the development of brain-targeted strategies for enhanced BBB crossing. In this review, the physiological structure and different cells contributing to this barrier are summarized. Various emerging strategies for permeability regulation and BBB crossing including passive transcytosis, intranasal administration, ligands conjugation, membrane coating, stimuli-triggered BBB disruption, and other strategies to overcome BBB obstacle are highlighted. Versatile drug delivery systems ranging from organic, inorganic, and biologics-derived materials with their synthesis procedures and unique physio-chemical properties are summarized and analyzed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive guideline for researchers in diverse fields, offering perspectives on further development of brain-targeted drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Rehabilitation Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Reddy TP, Glynn SA, Billiar TR, Wink DA, Chang JC. Targeting Nitric Oxide: Say NO to Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1855-1868. [PMID: 36520504 PMCID: PMC10183809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing targeted therapies capable of reducing cancer metastasis, targeting chemoresistant and self-renewing cancer stem cells, and augmenting the efficacy of systemic chemo/radiotherapies is vital to minimize cancer-associated mortality. Targeting nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a protein within the tumor microenvironment, has gained interest as a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce metastatic capacity and augment the efficacy of chemo/radiotherapies in various solid malignancies. Our review highlights the influence of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor progression and cancer metastasis, as well as promising preclinical studies that evaluated NOS inhibitors as anticancer therapies. Lastly, we highlight the prospects and outstanding challenges of using NOS inhibitors in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini P. Reddy
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Qiao R, Fu C, Forgham H, Javed I, Huang X, Zhu J, Whittaker AK, Davis TP. Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Brain Imaging and Drug Delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114822. [PMID: 37086918 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders affect as many as 1.5 billion people globally. The limited delivery of most imaging and therapeutic agents into the brain is a major challenge for treatment of CNS disorders. With the advent of nanotechnologies, controlled delivery of drugs with nanoparticles holds great promise in CNS disorders for overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and improving delivery efficacy. In recent years, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) have stood out as a promising theranostic nanoplatform for brain imaging and drug delivery as they possess unique physical properties and biodegradable characteristics. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in MIONP-based platforms as imaging and drug delivery agents for brain diseases. We firstly introduce the methods of synthesis and surface functionalization of MIONPs with emphasis on the inclusion of biocompatible polymers that allow for the addition of tailored physicochemical properties. We then discuss the recent advances in in vivo imaging and drug delivery applications using MIONPs. Finally, we present a perspective on the remaining challenges and possible future directions for MIONP-based brain delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helen Forgham
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Javed
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xumin Huang
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiayuan Zhu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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7
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Kurawattimath V, Wilson B, Geetha KM. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier for treating malignant brain glioma. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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8
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Ziganshina AY, Mansurova EE, Voloshina AD, Lyubina AP, Amerhanova SK, Shulaeva MM, Nizameev IR, Kadirov MK, Bakhtiozina LR, Semenov VE, Antipin IS. Thymine-Modified Nanocarrier for Doxorubicin Delivery in Glioblastoma Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020551. [PMID: 36677608 PMCID: PMC9864328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumor glioblastoma is one of the worst types of cancer. The blood-brain barrier prevents drugs from reaching brain cells and shields glioblastoma from treatment. The creation of nanocarriers to improve drug delivery and internalization effectiveness may be the solution to this issue. In this paper, we report on a new nanocarrier that was developed to deliver the anticancer drug doxorubicin to glioblastoma cells. The nanocarrier was obtained by nanoemulsion polymerization of diallyl disulfide with 1-allylthymine. Diallyl disulfide is a redox-sensitive molecule involved in redox cell activities, and thymine is a uracil derivative and one of the well-known bioactive compounds that can enhance the pharmacological activity of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin was successfully introduced into the nanocarrier with a load capacity of about 4.6%. Biological studies showed that the doxorubicin nanocarrier composition is far more cytotoxic to glioblastoma cells (T98G) than it is to cancer cells (M-HeLa) and healthy cells (Chang liver). The nanocarrier improves the penetration of doxorubicin into T98G cells and accelerates the cells' demise, as is evident from flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy data. The obtained nanocarrier, in our opinion, is a promising candidate for further research in glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Y. Ziganshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elina E. Mansurova
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Lobachevsky Str. 1/29, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexandra D. Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna P. Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Syumbelya K. Amerhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina M. Shulaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Irek R. Nizameev
- Department of Nanotechnologies in Electronics, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K. Marx Str., 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Marsil K. Kadirov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Leysan R. Bakhtiozina
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Lobachevsky Str. 1/29, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav E. Semenov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor S. Antipin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
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9
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Poot E, Maguregui A, Brunton VG, Sieger D, Hulme AN. Targeting Glioblastoma through Nano- and Micro-particle-Mediated Immune Modulation. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 72:116913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Dhar D, Ghosh S, Das S, Chatterjee J. A review of recent advances in magnetic nanoparticle-based theranostics of glioblastoma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:107-132. [PMID: 35000429 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid vascular growth, infiltrative cells and high tumor heterogenicity are some glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characteristics, making it the most lethal form of brain cancer. Low efficacy of the conventional treatment modalities leads to rampant disease progression and a median survival of 15 months. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), due to their unique physical features/inherent abilities, have emerged as a suitable theranostic platform for targeted GBM treatment. Thus, new strategies are being designed to enhance the efficiency of existing therapeutic techniques such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and so on, using MNPs. Herein, the limitations of the current therapeutic strategies, the role of MNPs in mitigating those inadequacies, recent advances in the MNP-based theranostics of GBM and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Dhar
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Swachhatoa Ghosh
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumen Das
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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11
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Janjua TI, Ahmed-Cox A, Meka AK, Mansfeld FM, Forgham H, Ignacio RMC, Cao Y, McCarroll JA, Mazzieri R, Kavallaris M, Popat A. Facile synthesis of lactoferrin conjugated ultra small large pore silica nanoparticles for the treatment of glioblastoma. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16909-16922. [PMID: 34533167 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood tumour barrier (BTB) remain a major roadblock for delivering therapies to treat brain cancer. Amongst brain cancers, glioblastoma (GBM) is notoriously difficult to treat due to the challenge of delivering chemotherapeutic drugs across the BBB and into the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, GBM has high rates of tumour recurrence. Currently, limited numbers of chemotherapies are available that can cross the BBB to treat GBM. Nanomedicine is an attractive solution for treating GBM as it can augment drug penetration across the BBB and into the heterogeneous tumour site. However, very few nanomedicines exist that can easily overcome both the BBB and BTB owing to difficulty in synthesizing nanoparticles that meet the small size and surface functionality restrictions. In this study, we have developed for the first-time, a room temperature protocol to synthesise ultra-small size with large pore silica nanoparticles (USLP, size ∼30 nm, pore size >7 nm) with the ability to load high concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs and conjugate a targeting moiety to their surface. The nanoparticles were conjugated with lactoferrin (>80 kDa), whose receptors are overexpressed by both the BBB and GBM, to achieve additional active targeting. Lactoferrin conjugated USLP (USLP-Lf) were loaded with doxorubicin - a chemotherapy agent that is known to be highly effective against GBM in vitro but cannot permeate the BBB. USLP-Lf were able to selectively permeate the BBB in vitro, and were effectively taken up by glioblastoma U87 cells. When compared to the uncoated USLP-NPs, the coating with lactoferrin significantly improved penetration of USLP into U87 tumour spheroids (after 12 hours at 100 μm distance, RFU value 19.58 vs. 49.16 respectively). Moreover, this USLP-Lf based delivery platform improved the efficacy of doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis of GBM cells in both 2D and 3D models. Collectively, our new nano-platform has the potential to overcome both the BBB and BTB to treat GBM more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Iqbal Janjua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Aria Ahmed-Cox
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anand Kumar Meka
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Friederike M Mansfeld
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Forgham
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rosa Mistica C Ignacio
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuxue Cao
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Joshua A McCarroll
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia
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12
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Becicka WM, Bielecki PA, Lorkowski ME, Moon TJ, Zhang Y, Atukorale PU, Covarrubias G, Karathanasis E. The effect of PEGylation on the efficacy and uptake of an immunostimulatory nanoparticle in the tumor immune microenvironment. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4961-4972. [PMID: 34485818 PMCID: PMC8386411 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapies is often limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is populated with dysfunctional innate immune cells. To reprogram the tumor-resident innate immune cells, we developed immunostimulatory silica mesoporous nanoparticles (immuno-MSN). The cargo of immuno-MSN is a Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) agonist, which activates innate immune cells leading to production of interferon (IFN) β. By proficiently trafficking its cargo into immune cells, the immuno-MSN induced a 9-fold increase of IFN-β secretion compared to free agonist. While an external PEG shield has historically been used to protect nanoparticles from immune recognition, a PEGylated immunostimulatory nanoparticle needs to strike a balance between immune evasion to avoid off-site accumulation and uptake by target immune cells in tumors. Using the 4T1 mouse model of metastatic breast cancer and flow cytometry, it was determined that the degree of PEGylation significantly influenced the uptake of 'empty' MSNs by tumor-resident innate immune cells. This was not the case for the agonist-loaded immuno-MSN variants. It should be noted the surface charge of the 'empty' MSNs was positive rather than neutral for the agonist-loaded immuno-MSNs. However, even though the cellular uptake was similar at 24 h after injection for the three immuno-MSN variants, we observed a significant beneficial effect on the activation and expansion of APCs especially in lung metastasis using the lightly PEGylated immuno-MSN variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt M Becicka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Peter A Bielecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Morgan E Lorkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Taylor J Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Prabhani U Atukorale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Gil Covarrubias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Efstathios Karathanasis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
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13
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Circumventing Drug Treatment? Intrinsic Lethal Effects of Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-Functionalized Nanoparticles on Glioblastoma Cells Cultured in Stem Cell Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112631. [PMID: 34071918 PMCID: PMC8198814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequent brain cancer that is highly difficult to treat. As with many cancer types, associated cancer stem cells can act as a reservoir of cancer-initiating cells, constituting a major hurdle for successful therapy. Herein, we report on a discovery of the intrinsic capability of polyethyleneimine-functionalized nanoparticles (PEI-NPs) to selectively eradicate glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), contrary to current drug-based approaches to target and successfully eradicate GB. Already at negligible doses, PEI-NPs, without any anticancer therapeutic, very potently killed multiple GSC lines but not GB cells without stem cell characteristics. Moreover, PEI-NPs was observed in tumors in mice after both intravenous and intranasal administration, where the latter constitute a non-invasive administration route for drug delivery to the brain. These results, in turn, suggest that PEI-NPs can successfully cross the blood-brain barrier for the eradication of GSCs even without any anticancer drug, whereas the same NP platform can also be used for drug delivery thus opening up potential to reach synergistic therapeutic effects. This highly surprising intrinsic effect of the NP system on both the mechanistic action and specificity of GSC eradication puts forward a promising novel aspect of nanoparticles in medicine. Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequent malignant tumor originating from the central nervous system. Despite breakthroughs in treatment modalities for other cancer types, GB remains largely irremediable due to the high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, infiltrative growth, and intrinsic resistance towards multiple treatments. A sub-population of GB cells, glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), act as a reservoir of cancer-initiating cells and consequently, constitute a significant challenge for successful therapy. In this study, we discovered that PEI surface-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PEI-MSNs), without any anti-cancer drug, very potently kill multiple GSC lines cultured in stem cell conditions. Very importantly, PEI-MSNs did not affect the survival of established GB cells, nor other types of cancer cells cultured in serum-containing medium, even at 25 times higher doses. PEI-MSNs did not induce any signs of apoptosis or autophagy. Instead, as a potential explanation for their lethality under stem cell culture conditions, we demonstrate that the internalized PEI-MSNs accumulated inside lysosomes, subsequently causing a rupture of the lysosomal membranes. We also demonstrate blood–brain-barrier (BBB) permeability of the PEI-MSNs in vitro and in vivo. Taking together the recent indications for the vulnerability of GSCs for lysosomal targeting and the lethality of the PEI-MSNs on GSCs cultured under stem cell culture conditions, the results enforce in vivo testing of the therapeutic impact of PEI-functionalized nanoparticles in faithful preclinical GB models.
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14
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Lin FC, Xie Y, Deng T, Zink JI. Magnetism, Ultrasound, and Light-Stimulated Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers for Theranostics and Beyond. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6025-6036. [PMID: 33857372 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been studied intensively during the past decade. A large variety of mesopore capping systems have been designed, initially to show that it could be done and later for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and imaging. On-command release of cargo molecules such as drugs from the pores can be activated by a variety of stimuli. This paper focuses on three noninvasive, biologically usable external stimuli: magnetism, ultrasound, and light. We survey the variety of MSNs that have been and are being used and assess capping designs and the advantages and drawbacks of the nanoplatforms' responses to the various stimuli. We discuss important recent advances, their basic mechanisms, and their requirements for stimulation. On the basis of our survey, we identify fundamental challenges and suggest future directions for research that will unleash the full potential of these fascinating nanosystems for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chu Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yijun Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Deng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeffrey I Zink
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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15
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Janjua TI, Rewatkar P, Ahmed-Cox A, Saeed I, Mansfeld FM, Kulshreshtha R, Kumeria T, Ziegler DS, Kavallaris M, Mazzieri R, Popat A. Frontiers in the treatment of glioblastoma: Past, present and emerging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:108-138. [PMID: 33486006 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive cancers of the brain. Despite extensive research over the last several decades, the survival rates for GBM have not improved and prognosis remains poor. To date, only a few therapies are approved for the treatment of GBM with the main reasons being: 1) significant tumour heterogeneity which promotes the selection of resistant subpopulations 2) GBM induced immunosuppression and 3) fortified location of the tumour in the brain which hinders the delivery of therapeutics. Existing therapies for GBM such as radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy have been unable to reach the clinical efficacy necessary to prolong patient survival more than a few months. This comprehensive review evaluates the current and emerging therapies including those in clinical trials that may potentially improve both targeted delivery of therapeutics directly to the tumour site and the development of agents that may specifically target GBM. Particular focus has also been given to emerging delivery technologies such as focused ultrasound, cellular delivery systems nanomedicines and immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel materials for improved delivery efficacy of nanoparticles and therapeutics to reduce the suffering of GBM patients.
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16
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Lorkowski ME, Atukorale PU, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Stimuli-Responsive Iron Oxide Nanotheranostics: A Versatile and Powerful Approach for Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001044. [PMID: 33225633 PMCID: PMC7933107 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in unravelling elements of cancer biology involved in disease progression and treatment resistance have highlighted the need for a holistic approach to effectively tackle cancer. Stimuli-responsive nanotheranostics based on iron oxide nanoparticles are an emerging class of versatile nanomedicines with powerful capabilities to "seek, sense, and attack" multiple components of solid tumors. In this work, the rationale for using iron oxide nanoparticles and the basic physical principles that impact their function in biomedical applications are reviewed. Subsequently, recent advances in the integration of iron oxide nanoparticles with various stimulus mechanisms to facilitate the development of stimuli-responsive nanotheranostics for application in cancer therapy are summarized. The integration of an iron oxide core with various surface coating mechanisms results in the generation of hybrid nanoconstructs with capabilities to codeliver a wide variety of highly potent anticancer therapeutics and immune modulators. Finally, emerging future directions and considerations for their clinical translation are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Lorkowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Prabhani U. Atukorale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ketan B. Ghaghada
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Efstathios Karathanasis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Bielecki PA, Lorkowski ME, Becicka WM, Atukorale PU, Moon TJ, Zhang Y, Wiese M, Covarrubias G, Ravichandran S, Karathanasis E. Immunostimulatory silica nanoparticle boosts innate immunity in brain tumors. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:156-167. [PMID: 33400743 PMCID: PMC7878432 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is attributed to its invasive nature, hypoxic core, resistant cell subpopulations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To support adaptive immune function and establish a more robust antitumor immune response, we boosted the local innate immune compartment of GBM using an immunostimulatory mesoporous silica nanoparticle, termed immuno-MSN. The immuno-MSN was specifically designed for systemic and proficient delivery of a potent innate immune agonist to dysfunctional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the brain TME. The cargo of the immuno-MSN was cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (cdGMP), a Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) agonist. Studies showed the immuno-MSN promoted the uptake of STING agonist by APCs in vitro and the subsequent release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon β, 6-fold greater than free agonist. In an orthotopic GBM mouse model, systemically administered immuno-MSN particles were taken up by APCs in the near-perivascular regions of the brain tumor with striking efficiency. The immuno-MSNs facilitated the recruitment of dendritic cells and macrophages to the TME while sparing healthy brain tissue and peripheral organs, resulting in elevated circulating CD8+ T cell activity (2.5-fold) and delayed GBM tumor growth. We show that an engineered immunostimulatory nanoparticle can support pro-inflammatory innate immune function in GBM and subsequently augment current immunotherapeutic interventions and improve their therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bielecki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Nanotechnology and Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery as the Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma Multiforme: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020195. [PMID: 33430494 PMCID: PMC7827410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are among the most lethal tumors. The highly invasive nature and presence of GBM stem cells, as well as the blood brain barrier (BBB) which limits chemotherapeutic drugs from entering the tumor mass, account for the high chance of treatment failure. Recent developments have found that nanoparticles can be conjugated to liposomes, dendrimers, metal irons, or polymeric micelles, which enhance the drug-loaded compounds to efficiently penetrate the BBB, thus offering new possibilities for overcoming GBM stem cell-mediated resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In addition, there have been new emerging strategies that use nanocarriers for successful GBM treatment in animal models. This review highlights the recent development of nanotechnology and nanocarrier-based drug delivery for treatment of GBMs, which may be a promising therapeutic strategy for this tumor entity. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor with poor prognosis. The heterogeneous and aggressive nature of GBMs increases the difficulty of current standard treatment. The presence of GBM stem cells and the blood brain barrier (BBB) further contribute to the most important compromise of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Current suggestions to optimize GBM patients’ outcomes favor controlled targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to GBM cells through the BBB using nanoparticles and monoclonal antibodies. Nanotechnology and nanocarrier-based drug delivery have recently gained attention due to the characteristics of biosafety, sustained drug release, increased solubility, and enhanced drug bioactivity and BBB penetrability. In this review, we focused on recently developed nanoparticles and emerging strategies using nanocarriers for the treatment of GBMs. Current studies using nanoparticles or nanocarrier-based drug delivery system for treatment of GBMs in clinical trials, as well as the advantages and limitations, were also reviewed.
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