1
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Ji K, Wei X, Kahkoska AR, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Wei X, Liu W, Wang Y, Yao Y, Huang X, Mei S, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhao Z, Lu Z, You J, Xu G, Shen Y, Buse JB, Wang J, Gu Z. An orally administered glucose-responsive polymeric complex for high-efficiency and safe delivery of insulin in mice and pigs. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01764-5. [PMID: 39223256 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Contrary to current insulin formulations, endogenous insulin has direct access to the portal vein, regulating glucose metabolism in the liver with minimal hypoglycaemia. Here we report the synthesis of an amphiphilic diblock copolymer comprising a glucose-responsive positively charged segment and polycarboxybetaine. The mixing of this polymer with insulin facilitates the formation of worm-like micelles, achieving highly efficient absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and the creation of a glucose-responsive reservoir in the liver. Under hyperglycaemic conditions, the polymer triggers a rapid release of insulin, establishing a portal-to-peripheral insulin gradient-similarly to endogenous insulin-for the safe regulation of blood glucose. This insulin formulation exhibits a dose-dependent blood-glucose-regulating effect in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of type 1 diabetes and controls the blood glucose at normoglycaemia for one day in non-obese diabetic mice. In addition, the formulation demonstrates a blood-glucose-lowering effect for one day in a pig model of type 1 diabetes without observable hypoglycaemia, showing promise for the safe and effective management of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiangqian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jianchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuejun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shaoqian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiahuan You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Guangzheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John B Buse
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Hung-Chieh Chou D. From Natural Insulin to Designed Analogs: A Chemical Biology Exploration. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300470. [PMID: 37800626 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1921, insulin has been at the forefront of scientific breakthroughs. From its amino acid sequencing to the revelation of its three-dimensional structure, the progress in insulin research has spurred significant therapeutic breakthroughs. In recent years, protein engineering has introduced innovative chemical and enzymatic methods for insulin modification, fostering the development of therapeutics with tailored pharmacological profiles. Alongside these advances, the quest for self-regulated, glucose-responsive insulin remains a holy grail in the field. In this article, we highlight the pivotal role of chemical biology in driving these innovations and discuss how it continues to shape the future trajectory of insulin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Wei X, Liu W, Wang Y, Kahkoska AR, Zhou X, Zheng H, Zhang W, Sheng T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ji K, Xu Y, Zhang P, Xu J, Buse JB, Wang J, Gu Z. Week-long normoglycaemia in diabetic mice and minipigs via a subcutaneous dose of a glucose-responsive insulin complex. Nat Biomed Eng 2023:10.1038/s41551-023-01138-7. [PMID: 38057427 PMCID: PMC11153331 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-responsive formulations of insulin can increase its therapeutic index and reduce the burden of its administration. However, it has been difficult to develop single-dosage formulations that can release insulin in both a sustained and glucose-responsive manner. Here we report the development of a subcutaneously injected glucose-responsive formulation that nearly does not trigger the formation of a fibrous capsule and that leads to week-long normoglycaemia and negligible hypoglycaemia in mice and minipigs with type 1 diabetes. The formulation consists of gluconic acid-modified recombinant human insulin binding tightly to poly-L-lysine modified by 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid via glucose-responsive phenylboronic acid-diol complexation and electrostatic attraction. When the insulin complex is exposed to high glucose concentrations, the phenylboronic acid moieties of the polymers bind rapidly to glucose, breaking the complexation and reducing the polymers' positive charge density, which promotes the release of insulin. The therapeutic performance of this long-acting single-dose formulation supports its further evaluation and clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xianchi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangfan Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianchang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John B Buse
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhen Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Yang S, Yang JF, Gong X, Weiss MA, Strano MS. Rational Design and Efficacy of Glucose-Responsive Insulin Therapeutics and Insulin Delivery Systems by Computation Using Connected Human and Rodent Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300587. [PMID: 37319398 PMCID: PMC10592437 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-responsive insulins (GRIs) use plasma glucose levels in a diabetic patient to activate a specifically designed insulin analogue to a more potent state in real time. Alternatively, some GRI concepts use glucose-mediated release or injection of insulin into the bloodstream. GRIs hold promise to exhibit much improved pharmacological control of the plasma glucose concentration, particularly for the problem of therapeutically induced hypoglycemia. Several innovative GRI schemes are introduced into the literature, but there remains a dearth of quantitative analysis to aid the development and optimization of these constructs into effective therapeutics. This work evaluates several classes of GRIs that are proposed using a pharmacokinetic model as previously described, PAMERAH, simulating the glucoregulatory system of humans and rodents. GRI concepts are grouped into three mechanistic classes: 1) intrinsic GRIs, 2) glucose-responsive particles, and 3) glucose-responsive devices. Each class is analyzed for optimal designs that maintain glucose levels within the euglycemic range. These derived GRI parameter spaces are then compared between rodents and humans, providing the differences in clinical translation success for each candidate. This work demonstrates a computational framework to evaluate the potential clinical translatability of existing glucose-responsive systems, providing a useful approach for future GRI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jing Fan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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5
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Lin NP, Zheng N, Purushottam L, Zhang YW, Chou DHC. Synthesis and Characterization of Phenylboronic Acid-Modified Insulin With Glucose-Dependent Solubility. Front Chem 2022; 10:859133. [PMID: 35372263 PMCID: PMC8965884 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.859133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-responsive insulin represents a promising approach to regulate blood glucose levels. We previously showed that attaching two fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA) residues to the C-terminal B chain of insulin glargine led to glucose-dependent solubility. Herein, we demonstrated that relocating FPBA from B chain to A chain increased the baseline solubility without affecting its potency. Furthermore, increasing the number of FPBA groups led to increased glucose-dependent solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Pin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Landa Purushottam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yi Wolf Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States,*Correspondence: Danny Hung-Chieh Chou,
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6
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Facile synthesis of insulin fusion derivatives through sortase A ligation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2719-2725. [PMID: 34589392 PMCID: PMC8463260 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin derivatives such as insulin detemir and insulin degludec are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved long-acting insulin currently used by millions of people with diabetes. These derivatives are modified in C-terminal B29 lysine to retain insulin bioactivity. New and efficient methods for facile synthesis of insulin derivatives may lead to new discovery of therapeutic insulin. Herein, we report a new method using sortase A (SrtA)-mediated ligation for the synthesis of insulin derivatives with high efficiency and functional group tolerance in the C-terminal B chain. This new insulin molecule (Ins-SA) with an SrtA-recognizing motif can be conjugated to diverse groups with N-terminal oligoglycines to generate new insulin derivatives. We further demonstrated that a new insulin derivative synthesized by this SrtA-mediated ligation shows strong cellular and in vivo bioactivity. This enzymatic method can therefore be used for future insulin design and development.
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Key Words
- Alb, albumin
- Albumin-binding peptide SA21
- Boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DIEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DMF, dimethylformamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DOI, desoctapeptide (B23−30) insulin
- Diabetes mellitus
- EDT, 1,2-ethanedithiol
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fmoc, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
- HATU, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate
- HBTU, O-(benxontriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HTRF, homogeneous time resolved fluorescence
- IR-B, human insulin receptor isoform B
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin synthesis
- LC‒MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- Long-acting insulin
- Mtt, 4-methyltrityl
- NBD-X, 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)hexanoic acid
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Sortase A (SrtA) ligation
- SrtA, sortase A
- THF, triflouroacetic acid
- TIS, triisoproylsilane
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- pAkt, phosphorylated protein kinase B
- t-Bu, tert-butyl
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia, the condition of low blood sugar, is a common occurance in people with diabetes using insulin therapy. Protecting against hypoglycaemia by engineering an insulin preparation that can auto-adjust its biological activity to fluctuating blood glucose levels has been pursued since the 1970s, but despite numerous publications, no system that works well enough for practical use has reached clinical practise. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will summarise and scrutinise known approaches for producing glucose-sensitive insulin therapies. Notably, systems described in patent applications will be extensively covered, which has not been the case for earlier reviews of this area. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The vast majority of published systems are not suitable for product development, but a few glucose-sensitive insulin concepts have recently reached clinical trials, and there is hope that glucose-sensitive insulin will become available to people with diabetes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoeg-Jensen
- Research Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park H5.S.05, DK-2720 Maaloev, Denmark.
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8
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Maikawa CL, d'Aquino AI, Lal RA, Buckingham BA, Appel EA. Engineering biopharmaceutical formulations to improve diabetes management. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd6726. [PMID: 33504649 PMCID: PMC8004356 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin was first isolated almost a century ago, yet commercial formulations of insulin and its analogs for hormone replacement therapy still fall short of appropriately mimicking endogenous glycemic control. Moreover, the controlled delivery of complementary hormones (such as amylin or glucagon) is complicated by instability of the pharmacologic agents and complexity of maintaining multiple infusions. In this review, we highlight the advantages and limitations of recent advances in drug formulation that improve protein stability and pharmacokinetics, prolong drug delivery, or enable alternative dosage forms for the management of diabetes. With controlled delivery, these formulations could improve closed-loop glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Maikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea I d'Aquino
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rayhan A Lal
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruce A Buckingham
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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