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Biswal BK, Zhang B, Thi Minh Tran P, Zhang J, Balasubramanian R. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5552-5592. [PMID: 38644694 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as power storage systems in electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). Recycling of spent LIBs is of utmost importance from various perspectives including recovery of valuable metals (mostly Co and Li) and mitigation of environmental pollution. Recycling methods such as direct recycling, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, bio-hydrometallurgy (bioleaching) and electrometallurgy are generally used to resynthesise LIBs. These methods have their own benefits and drawbacks. This manuscript provides a critical review of recent advances in the recycling of spent LIBs, including the development of recycling processes, identification of the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling methods on environmental burdens. Insights into chemical reactions, thermodynamics, kinetics, and the influence of operating parameters of each recycling technology are provided. The sustainability of recycling technologies (e.g., life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis) is critically evaluated. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects are presented for further development of sustainable, highly efficient, and environmentally benign recycling of spent LIBs to contribute to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Phuong Thi Minh Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
- The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Str., Danang City, Vietnam
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Nisar J, Khan MA, Ali G, Iqbal M, Din MI, Hussain Z, Bhatti IA, Al-Kadhi NS, Alamro FS. Polypropylene pyrolysis kinetics under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions: a comparative analysis. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The kinetics of polypropylene pyrolysis has been studied under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions using Arrhenius and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) equations. Under isothermal conditions, applying first order kinetic model, activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were investigated and observed as 119.7 kJ mol−1 and 1.2 × 1010 min−1, while in case of non-isothermal kinetics using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method, the average Ea and A were found to be 91.23 kJ mol−1 and 2.3 × 107 min−1, respectively. A comparison among the isothermal and non-isothermal reactions was made on the basis of kinetics parameters. The results from both the methods showed trivial variation in kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis reaction which may be due to two major reasons. Firstly, the selection of the kinetic model applied and secondly the inconsistency due to various experimental conditions used which can be reduced at optimized conditions. As the disposal of plastic materials need reliable kinetics information to model their decomposition reactions, therefore, the kinetics data thus obtained from pyrolysis reaction of model polypropylene will help in the utilization of polypropylene waste as energy source on industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nisar
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry , University of Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry , University of Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry , University of Peshawar , 25120 , Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology , University of Education , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Din
- School of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , 54590 , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Zaib Hussain
- School of Chemistry , University of the Punjab , 54590 , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ijaz A. Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Agriculture , 38000 , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Nada S. Al-Kadhi
- Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , P.O. Box 84428 11671 , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzia S. Alamro
- Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , P.O. Box 84428 11671 , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Production of fuel oil from decomposition of polypropylene over Cu-Co modified molecular sieve-based catalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nisar J, Aziz M, Shah A, Shah I, Iqbal M. Conversion of Polypropylene Waste into Value-Added Products: A Greener Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093015. [PMID: 35566367 PMCID: PMC9105642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic has made our lives comfortable as a result of its widespread use in today’s world due to its low cost, longevity, adaptability, light weight and hardness; however, at the same time, it has made our lives miserable due to its non-biodegradable nature, which has resulted in environmental pollution. Therefore, the focus of this research work was on an environmentally friendly process. This research work investigated the decomposition of polypropylene waste using florisil as the catalyst in a salt bath over a temperature range of 350–430 °C. A maximum oil yield of 57.41% was recovered at 410 °C and a 40 min reaction time. The oil collected from the decomposition of polypropylene waste was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The kinetic parameters of the reaction process were calculated from thermogravimetric data at temperature program rates of 3, 12, 20 and 30 °C·min−1 using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunnose (KAS) equations. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for the thermo-catalytic degradation of polypropylene waste were observed in the range of 102.74–173.08 kJ·mol−1 and 7.1 × 108–9.3 × 1011 min−1 for the OFW method and 99.77–166.28 kJ·mol−1 and 1.1 × 108–5.3 × 1011 min−1 for the KAS method at a percent conversion (α) of 0.1 to 0.9, respectively. Moreover, the fuel properties of the oil were assessed and matched with the ASTM values of diesel, gasoline and kerosene oil. The oil was found to have a close resemblance to the commercial fuel. Therefore, it was concluded that utilizing florisil as the catalyst for the decomposition of waste polypropylene not only lowered the activation energy of the pyrolysis reaction but also upgraded the quantity and quality of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nisar
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Maria Aziz
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
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Nisar J, Khan MA, Ali G, Shah A, Iqbal M, Bhatti IA. Cobalt-doped molecular sieve for efficient degradation of polypropylene into fuel oil: Kinetics and fuel properties of the oil. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Thermal Decomposition Kinetic Study of Non-Recyclable Paper and Plastic Waste by Thermogravimetric Analysis. CHEMENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering5030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The global net emissions of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), fluorinated gases, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), remain substantially high, despite concerted efforts to reduce them. Thermal treatment of solid waste contributes at least 2.8–4% of the GHG in part due to increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and inefficient treatment processes, such as incineration and landfill. Thermal treatment processes, such as gasification and pyrolysis, are valuable ways to convert solid materials, such as wastes into syngas, liquids, and chars, for power generation, fuels, or for the bioremediation of soils. Subcoal™ is a commercial product based on paper and plastics from the source segregated waste that is not readily recyclable and that would otherwise potentially find its way in to landfills. This paper looks at the kinetic parameters associated with this product in pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion conditions for consideration as a fuel for power generation or as a reductant in the blast furnace ironmaking process. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in Nitrogen (N2), CO2, and in air, was used to measure and compare the reaction kinetics. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor A were measured at different heating rates using non-isothermal Ozawa Flynn Wall and (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sonuse (KAS) model-free techniques. The TGA curves showed that the thermal degradation of Subcoal™ comprises three main processes: dehydration, devolatilization, and char and ash formation. In addition, the heating rate drifts the devolatilization temperature to a higher value. Likewise, the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results stated that Tm degradation increased as the heating rate increased. Substantial variance in Ea was noted between the four stages of thermal decomposition of Subcoal™ on both methods. The Ea for gasification reached 200.2 ± 33.6 kJ/mol by OFW and 179.0 ± 31.9 kJ/mol by KAS. Pyrolysis registered Ea values of 161.7 ± 24.7 kJ/mol by OFW and 142.6 ± 23.5 kJ/mol by KAS. Combustion returned the lowest Ea values for both OFW (76.74 ± 15.4 kJ/mol) and KAS (71.0 ± 4.4 kJ/mol). The low Ea values in combustion indicate shorter reaction time for Subcoal™ degradation compared to gasification and pyrolysis. Generally, TGA kinetics analysis using KAS and OFW methods show good consistency in evaluating Arrhenius constants.
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Nisar J, Khan Y, Ali G, Shah A, Farooqi ZH, Iqbal M, Ashiq MN. Kinetic study of the pyrolysis of polypropylene over natural clay. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Clay is widely used in numerous industrial activities; however, its application as an efficient catalyst for the decomposition of plastic waste on a commercial scale is scanty. Therefore, in this study, we have made efforts to use natural clay as the catalyst for the thermal decomposition of polypropylene in a pyrolysis setup. The pyrolysis oil obtained was found rich in hydrocarbons ranging from C8–C35. Kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction was determined utilizing thermogravimetric data and the activation energy (E) and A-factor were observed as 70.33–94.80 kJ/mol and 6 × 105–2.3 × 108 min−1 using the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method and 58.19–74.82 kJ/mol and 4.1 × 102–4.2 × 103 min−1 applying Tang Wanjun equation. The activation energy was found to increase with enhancement in conversion presenting a complex decomposition reaction. Comparing the activation energy determined in this work with previous studies confirmed that natural clay has reduced E of decomposition reaction at high fraction conversion. The pyrolysis results supported with the kinetic investigation in this work would have potential applications in disposing of plastic waste on an industrial scale and a step forward in the field of waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nisar
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar , Peshawar 25120 , Pakistan
| | - Yousaf Khan
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar , Peshawar 25120 , Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Ali
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar , Peshawar 25120 , Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad 45320 , Pakistan
| | - Zahoor H. Farooqi
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, New Campus , Lahore 54590 , Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Lahore , Lahore 53700 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ashiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan 60800 , Pakistan
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Vedovello P, de Oliveira Gomes AC, da Rocha Oliveira LM, Cruz SA, Paranhos CM. Short alkyl chain length ionic liquid as organic modifier in polypropylene/clay nanocomposite: a thermal comparative study. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The most common polymeric nanocomposites are constituted of organically-modified clays. Generally, these organic modifiers are based on quaternary ammonium salts. These systems have as disadvantage the low thermal resistance of its modifiers under processing. Ionic liquids (IL) with different molecular structures can be used as organic modifier in lamellar clays-based polymeric nanocomposites, being promising not only to increase interactions between the nanoclay and the matrix, but also to increase the thermal resistance. In this study, polypropylene-based/montmorillonite nanocomposites were compared from two different organic modifiers. The use of short alkyl chain length imidazolium-based IL as montmorillonite modifier was investigated in terms of the thermal stability when compared to the usual quaternary ammonium salt surfactant. Integral procedure decomposition temperature was employed to determine the effect of these two different organoclay modifiers in PP-nanocomposites. The activation energy for these samples was calculated using Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method. It was also used the multiple linear regression analysis to calculate the activation energy in order to evaluate the accuracy of this method when applied to nanocomposites.
Article Highlights
Short length alkyl group in ionic liquid was able to improve the thermal stability of PP-based nanocomposite.
IPDT methodology is more realistic to evaluate the thermal stability of ionic liquid-based nanocomposite.
MLR methodology was efficient to assess the entropic contribution associated to polymer-clay interactions, inter-lamellae spaces and interface morphology.
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Ali G, Nisar J, Iqbal M, Shah A, Abbas M, Shah MR, Rashid U, Bhatti IA, Khan RA, Shah F. Thermo-catalytic decomposition of polystyrene waste: Comparative analysis using different kinetic models. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:202-212. [PMID: 31405341 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19865339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to a huge increase in polymer production, a tremendous increase in municipal solid waste is observed. Every year the existing landfills for disposal of waste polymers decrease and the effective recycling techniques for waste polymers are getting more and more important. In this work pyrolysis of waste polystyrene was performed in the presence of a laboratory synthesized copper oxide. The samples were pyrolyzed at different heating rates that is, 5°Cmin-1, 10°Cmin-1, 15°Cmin-1 and 20°Cmin-1 in a thermogravimetric analyzer in inert atmosphere using nitrogen. Thermogravimetric data were interpreted using various model fitting (Coats-Redfern) and model free methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman). Thermodynamic parameters for the reaction were also determined. The activation energy calculated applying Coats-Redfern, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman models were found in the ranges 105-148.48 kJmol-1, 99.41-140.52 kJmol-1, 103.67-149.15 kJmol-1 and 99.93-141.25 kJmol-1, respectively. The lowest activation energy for polystyrene degradation in the presence of copper oxide indicates the suitability of catalyst for the decomposition reaction to take place at lower temperature. Moreover, the obtained kinetics and thermodynamic parameters would be very helpful in determining the reaction mechanism of the solid waste in a real system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Ali
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jan Nisar
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Abbas
- Jhang-Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umar Rashid
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Shah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Nisar J, Khan MA, Ali G, Iqbal M, Shah A, Shah MR, Sirajuddin, Sherazi STH, Shah LA, Rehman NU. Pyrolysis of polypropylene over zeolite mordenite ammonium: kinetics and products distribution. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present work reveals pyrolysis kinetics of polypropylene (PP) over zeolite modernite using thermogravimetry. The activation energy (Ea) and frequency factor (A) were calculated applying Ozawa Flynn Wall, Coats-Redfern, and Tang Wanjun methods. The Ea calculated by all the methods were found in accord with each other. The pyrolysis was also performed in a salt bath in the temperature range 350°C–390°C. It was observed that a temperature of 370°C is the optimum temperature for maximum liquid fuel production. Moreover, the amount of solid residue decreases with the rise in temperature. Similarly, gas fraction also shows linear relationship with temperature. The condensable and noncondensable fractions were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fuel properties of the oil produced were assessed and compared with commercial fuel. These properties agree well with fossil fuel and therefore have potential applications as fuel.
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Khan MA, Nisar J, Iqbal M, Shah A, Khan RA, Sirajuddin, Bhatti IA, Amin R. Pyrolysis of polypropylene over a LZ-Y52 molecular sieve: kinetics and the product distribution. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nisar J, Ali G, Shah A, Iqbal M, Khan RA, Anwar F, Ullah R, Akhter MS. Fuel production from waste polystyrene via pyrolysis: Kinetics and products distribution. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:236-247. [PMID: 31079636 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study polystyrene waste (PS) was collected from a drop off site in a local market and pyrolyzed at heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min and temperature range 40-600 °C under nitrogen condition. The apparent activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were determined using 6 different kinetic methods. Activation energy and pre-exponential factor were found in the range of 82.3 - 202.8 kJmol-1 and 3.5 × 106-7.6 × 1014 min-1 respectively. The results demonstrated that the calculated values of Ea and A vary with fraction of conversion, heating rates and the applied model. Moreover, pyrolysis of waste polystyrene was carried out in an indigenously manufactured furnace at temperatures ranging from 340 to 420 °C. The composition of liquid and gaseous fractions was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Temperature and reaction time were optimized and the results revealed that temperature of 410 °C and exposure time of 70 min are the best conditions for maximum fuel oil production. Methane and ethane were found as the main products in the gas phase constituting about 82% of the gaseous fraction. The liquid products composed of broad range of C2 - C15 hydrocarbons depending on the pyrolytic parameters. A comparison of the composition of pyrolysis oil with standard parameters of diesel, gasoline and kerosene oil suggested that pyrolysis oil from polystyrene waste holds great promise for replacing fuel oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nisar
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Ali
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain; Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Raqeeb Ullah
- National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Salim Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain
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