1
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Liu Q, Dong X, Qi H, Zhang H, Li T, Zhao Y, Li G, Zhai W. 3D printable strong and tough composite organo-hydrogels inspired by natural hierarchical composite design principles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3237. [PMID: 38622154 PMCID: PMC11018840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of composite hydrogels can effectively enhance the mechanical and functional properties of conventional hydrogels. While ceramic reinforcement is common in many hard biological tissues, ceramic-reinforced hydrogels lack a similar natural prototype for bioinspiration. This raises a key question: How can we still attain bioinspired mechanical mechanisms in composite hydrogels without mimicking a specific composition and structure? Abstracting the hierarchical composite design principles of natural materials, this study proposes a hierarchical fabrication strategy for ceramic-reinforced organo-hydrogels, featuring (1) aligned ceramic platelets through direct-ink-write printing, (2) poly(vinyl alcohol) organo-hydrogel matrix reinforced by solution substitution, and (3) silane-treated platelet-matrix interfaces. Unit filaments are further printed into a selection of bioinspired macro-architectures, leading to high stiffness, strength, and toughness (fracture energy up to 31.1 kJ/m2), achieved through synergistic multi-scale energy dissipation. The materials also exhibit wide operation tolerance and electrical conductivity for flexible electronics in mechanically demanding conditions. Hence, this study demonstrates a model strategy that extends the fundamental design principles of natural materials to fabricate composite hydrogels with synergistic mechanical and functional enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haobo Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haoqi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guanjin Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Fan Z, Xu W, Wang R, Wu H, Liu A. Fast-response thermo-sensitive actuator based on asymmetric structured PNIPAM hydrogel with inorganic particles embedding. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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Bagheri A. Application of RAFT in 3D Printing: Where Are the Future Opportunities? Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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4
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Preparation of boronate-modified larger mesoporous polymer microspheres with fumed silica nanoparticle and toluene as synergistic porogen for selective separation of sulfonamides. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Bagheri A, Fellows CM, Boyer C. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: From Polymer Network Synthesis to 3D Printing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003701. [PMID: 33717856 PMCID: PMC7927619 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has changed the fabrication of advanced materials as it can provide customized and on-demand 3D networks. However, 3D printing of polymer materials with the capacity to be transformed after printing remains a great challenge for engineers, material, and polymer scientists. Radical polymerization has been conventionally used in photopolymerization-based 3D printing, as in the broader context of crosslinked polymer networks. Although this reaction pathway has shown great promise, it offers limited control over chain growth, chain architecture, and thus the final properties of the polymer networks. More fundamentally, radical polymerization produces dead polymer chains incapable of postpolymerization transformations. Alternatively, the application of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) to polymer networks allows the tuning of network homogeneity and more importantly, enables the production of advanced materials containing dormant reactivatable species that can be used for subsequent processes in a postsynthetic stage. Consequently, the opportunities that (photoactivated) RDRP-based networks offer have been leveraged through the novel concepts of structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular gels, living additive manufacturing and photoexpandable/transformable-polymer networks. Herein, the advantages of RDRP-based networks over irreversibly formed conventional networks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Science and TechnologyThe University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Christopher M. Fellows
- School of Science and TechnologyThe University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
- Desalination Technologies Research InstituteAl Jubail31951Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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6
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Eftaiha AF, Qaroush AK, Hasan AK, Assaf KI, Al-Qaisi FM, Melhem ME, Al-Maythalony BA, Usman M. Cross-linked, porous imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s for CO2 capture and utilisation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02946k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of micro/meso porous imidazolium poly(ionic liquid)s for CO2 capture and utilization is reported. They show moderate sorption capacity under RTP conditions, and good catalytic activity towards the cycloaddition of CO2 and epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'a F. Eftaiha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Abdussalam K. Qaroush
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Areej K. Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Khaleel I. Assaf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Feda'a M. Al-Qaisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Maryam E. Melhem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem A. Al-Maythalony
- Materials Discovery Research Unit, Advanced Research Centre, Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan
- Technology Innovation Center on Carbon Capture and Sequestration (TIC-CCS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Zhong Q, Richardson JJ, Li S, Zhang W, Ju Y, Li J, Pan S, Chen J, Caruso F. Expanding the Toolbox of Metal–Phenolic Networks via Enzyme‐Mediated Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Zhi Zhong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shiyao Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jianhua Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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8
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Zhong Q, Richardson JJ, Li S, Zhang W, Ju Y, Li J, Pan S, Chen J, Caruso F. Expanding the Toolbox of Metal–Phenolic Networks via Enzyme‐Mediated Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1711-1717. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi‐Zhi Zhong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shiyao Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jianhua Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shuaijun Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jingqu Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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9
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Cuthbert J, Martinez MR, Sun M, Flum J, Li L, Olszewski M, Wang Z, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Non-Tacky Fluorinated and Elastomeric STEM Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800876. [PMID: 30740812 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soft, elastomeric, non-tacky polymer networks are synthesized by reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP). First, the pristine, structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular (STEM) networks are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and incorporated an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) inimer into the network. Subsequently, poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) and/or poly(octafluoropentyl acrylate) (POFPA) side chains are grafted from the network by photo-induced ATRP. These low glass transition temperature side chains produced soft materials (E = 104-178 kPa). However, only the POFPA-containing networks are also non-tacky. The fluorine content and material properties are investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis, elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jacob Flum
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lingchun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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10
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Shanmugam S, Cuthbert J, Flum J, Fantin M, Boyer C, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Transformation of gels via catalyst-free selective RAFT photoactivation. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00213h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the concept of structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular (STEM) networks by proposing a novel metal-free approach to prepare the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Jacob Flum
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
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11
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Cuthbert J, Beziau A, Gottlieb E, Fu L, Yuan R, Balazs AC, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Transformable Materials: Structurally Tailored and Engineered Macromolecular (STEM) Gels by Controlled Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Antoine Beziau
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Eric Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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12
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Zhao Z, Fang R, Rong Q, Liu M. Bioinspired Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Highly Ordered Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703045. [PMID: 29059482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the human body, many soft tissues with hierarchically ordered composite structures, such as cartilage, skeletal muscle, the corneas, and blood vessels, exhibit highly anisotropic mechanical strength and functionality to adapt to complex environments. In artificial soft materials, hydrogels are analogous to these biological soft tissues due to their "soft and wet" properties, their biocompatibility, and their elastic performance. However, conventional hydrogel materials with unordered homogeneous structures inevitably lack high mechanical properties and anisotropic functional performances; thus, their further application is limited. Inspired by biological soft tissues with well-ordered structures, researchers have increasingly investigated highly ordered nanocomposite hydrogels as functional biological engineering soft materials with unique mechanical, optical, and biological properties. These hydrogels incorporate long-range ordered nanocomposite structures within hydrogel network matrixes. Here, the critical design criteria and the state-of-the-art fabrication strategies of nanocomposite hydrogels with highly ordered structures are systemically reviewed. Then, recent progress in applications in the fields of soft actuators, tissue engineering, and sensors is highlighted. The future development and prospective application of highly ordered nanocomposite hydrogels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qinfeng Rong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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13
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Niu W, Qu L, Lyv R, Zhang S. Reconfigurable photonic crystals with optical bistability enabled by “cold” programming and thermo-recoverable shape memory polymers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A type of reconfigurable photonic crystals with optically bistable states enabled by capillary pressure-induced programming and heat-caused recoverable shape memory polymers was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- West Campus
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Lingcheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- West Campus
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Rongwen Lyv
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- West Campus
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- West Campus
- Dalian 116024
- China
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14
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Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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