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Ummadisingu A, Meloni S, Mattoni A, Tress W, Grätzel M. Crystal‐Size‐Induced Band Gap Tuning in Perovskite Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Ummadisingu
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces (LPI) Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Simone Meloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale Università di Roma “Sapienza” via Eudossiana 19 00184 Roma Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Farmaceutiche e Agrarie (DOCPAS) Università degli Studi di Ferrara (Unife) Via Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM—CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria 09042 Monserrato (Ca) Italy
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM) Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces (LPI) Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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2
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Ummadisingu A, Meloni S, Mattoni A, Tress W, Grätzel M. Crystal-Size-Induced Band Gap Tuning in Perovskite Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21368-21376. [PMID: 34288311 PMCID: PMC8518849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive picture explaining the effect of the crystal size in metal halide perovskite films on their opto‐electronic characteristics is currently lacking. We report that perovskite nanocrystallites exhibit a wider band gap due to concurrent quantum confinement and size dependent structural effects, with the latter being remarkably distinct and attributed to the perturbation from the surface of the nanocrystallites affecting the structure of their core. This phenomenon might assist in the photo‐induced charge separation within the perovskite in devices employing mesoporous layers as they restrict the size of nanocrystallites present in them. We demonstrate that the crystal size effect is widely applicable as it is ubiquitous in different compositions and deposition methods employed in the fabrication of state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells. This effect is a convenient and effective way to tune the band gap of perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Ummadisingu
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces (LPI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Meloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Università di Roma "Sapienza", via Eudossiana 19, 00184, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche e Agrarie (DOCPAS), Università degli Studi di Ferrara (Unife), Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattoni
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali IOM-CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Wolfgang Tress
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science (LSPM), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces (LPI), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Tennyson E, Frohna K, Drake WK, Sahli F, Chien-Jen Yang T, Fu F, Werner J, Chosy C, Bowman AR, Doherty TAS, Jeangros Q, Ballif C, Stranks SD. Multimodal Microscale Imaging of Textured Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2021; 6:2293-2304. [PMID: 34307879 PMCID: PMC8291767 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskite/crystalline silicon (c-Si) tandem solar cells promise power conversion efficiencies beyond the limits of single-junction cells. However, the local light-matter interactions of the perovskite material embedded in this pyramidal multijunction configuration, and the effect on device performance, are not well understood. Here, we characterize the microscale optoelectronic properties of the perovskite semiconductor deposited on different c-Si texturing schemes. We find a strong spatial and spectral dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) on the geometrical surface constructs, which dominates the underlying grain-to-grain PL variation found in halide perovskite films. The PL response is dependent upon the texturing design, with larger pyramids inducing distinct PL spectra for valleys and pyramids, an effect which is mitigated with small pyramids. Further, optimized quasi-Fermi level splittings and PL quantum efficiencies occur when the c-Si large pyramids have had a secondary smoothing etch. Our results suggest that a holistic optimization of the texturing is required to maximize light in- and out-coupling of both absorber layers and there is a fine balance between the optimal geometrical configuration and optoelectronic performance that will guide future device designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth
M. Tennyson
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - William K. Drake
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Florent Sahli
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Terry Chien-Jen Yang
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Fan Fu
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Werner
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Cullen Chosy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alan R. Bowman
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Tiarnan A. S. Doherty
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Quentin Jeangros
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Ballif
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Neuchatel 2002, CH, Switzerland
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
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4
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deQuilettes DW, Laitz M, Brenes R, Dou B, Motes BT, Stranks SD, Snaith HJ, Bulović V, Ginger DS. Maximizing the external radiative efficiency of hybrid perovskite solar cells. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDespite rapid advancements in power conversion efficiency in the last decade, perovskite solar cells still perform below their thermodynamic efficiency limits. Non-radiative recombination, in particular, has limited the external radiative efficiency and open circuit voltage in the highest performing devices. We review the historical progress in enhancing perovskite external radiative efficiency and determine key strategies for reaching high optoelectronic quality. Specifically, we focus on non-radiative recombination within the perovskite layer and highlight novel approaches to reduce energy losses at interfaces and through parasitic absorption. By strategically targeting defects, it is likely that the next set of record-performing devices with ultra-low voltage losses will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W. deQuilettes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
| | - Madeleine Laitz
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Benjia Dou
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Brandon T. Motes
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | | | - Henry J. Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - David S. Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA98195-1700, USA
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5
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Muscarella L, Petrova D, Jorge Cervasio R, Farawar A, Lugier O, McLure C, Slaman MJ, Wang J, Ehrler B, von Hauff E, Williams RM. Air-Stable and Oriented Mixed Lead Halide Perovskite (FA/MA) by the One-Step Deposition Method Using Zinc Iodide and an Alkylammonium Additive. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17555-17562. [PMID: 30990007 PMCID: PMC6523997 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a one-step method to produce air-stable, large-grain mixed cationic lead perovskite films and powders under ambient conditions. The introduction of 2.5 % of Zn(II), confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), results in stable thin films which show the same absorption and crystal structure after 2 weeks of storage under ambient conditions. Next to prolonged stability, the introduction of Zn(II) affects photophysical properties, reducing the bulk defect density, enhancing the photoluminescence (PL), and extending the charge carrier lifetime. Furthermore, 3-chloropropylamine hydrochloride is applied as the film-forming agent. The presence of this amine hydrochloride additive results in highly oriented and large crystal domains showing an ulterior improvement of PL intensity and lifetime. The material can also be prepared as black precursor powder by a solid-solid reaction under ambient conditions and can be pressed into a perovskite pellet. The prolonged stability and the easy fabrication in air makes this material suitable for large-scale, low-cost processing for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta
A. Muscarella
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center
for Nanophotonics, Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dina Petrova
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Jorge Cervasio
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram Farawar
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olivier Lugier
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte McLure
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Slaman
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Junke Wang
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth von Hauff
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René M. Williams
- Molecular
Photonics Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- E-mail:
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6
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Foley BJ, Cuthriell S, Yazdi S, Chen AZ, Guthrie SM, Deng X, Giri G, Lee SH, Xiao K, Doughty B, Ma YZ, Choi JJ. Impact of Crystallographic Orientation Disorders on Electronic Heterogeneities in Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6271-6278. [PMID: 30216078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite thin films have achieved remarkable performance in optoelectronic devices but suffer from spatial heterogeneity in their electronic properties. To achieve higher device performance and reliability needed for widespread commercial deployment, spatial heterogeneity of optoelectronic properties in the perovskite thin film needs to be understood and controlled. Clear identification of the causes underlying this heterogeneity, most importantly the spatial heterogeneity in charge trapping behavior, has remained elusive. Here, a multimodal imaging approach consisting of photoluminescence, optical transmission, and atomic force microscopy is utilized to separate electronic heterogeneity from morphology variations in perovskite thin films. By comparing the degree of heterogeneity in highly oriented and randomly oriented polycrystalline perovskite thin film samples, we reveal that disorders in the crystallographic orientation of the grains play a dominant role in determining charge trapping and electronic heterogeneity. This work also demonstrates a polycrystalline thin film with uniform charge trapping behavior by minimizing crystallographic orientation disorder. These results suggest that single crystals may not be required for perovskite thin film based optoelectronic devices to reach their full potential.
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7
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Tian W, Cui R, Leng J, Liu J, Li Y, Zhao C, Zhang J, Deng W, Lian T, Jin S. Limiting Perovskite Solar Cell Performance by Heterogeneous Carrier Extraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:13067-13071. [PMID: 27633183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has improved rapidly, a rational path for further improvement remains unclear. The effect of large morphological heterogeneity of polycrystalline perovskite films on their device performance by photoluminescence (PL) microscopy has now been studied. Contrary to the common belief on the deleterious effect of morphological heterogeneity on carrier lifetimes and diffusivities, in neat CH3 NH3 PbI3 (Cl) polycrystalline perovskite films, the local (intra-grain) carrier diffusivities in different grains are all surprisingly high (1.5 to 3.3 cm2 s-1 ; comparable to bulk single-crystals), and the local carrier lifetimes are long (ca. 200 ns) and surprisingly homogenous among grains, and uniform across grain boundary and interior. However, there is a large heterogeneity of carrier extraction efficiency at the perovskite grain-electrode interface. Improving homogeneity at perovskite grain-electrode contacts is thus a promising direction for improving the performance of perovskite thin-film solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junxue Liu
- Department of Chemistry, China University of Petroleum, 66 Changjiang West Rd., Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chunyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China University of Petroleum, 66 Changjiang West Rd., Huangdao District, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory Univeristy, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), 457 ZhongShan Rd., Dalian, 116023, China.
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8
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Siles PF, Devarajulu M, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. Direct Imaging of Space-Charge Accumulation and Work Function Characteristics of Functional Organic Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703647. [PMID: 29450970 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tailoring of organic systems is crucial to further extend the efficiency of charge transfer mechanisms and represents a cornerstone for molecular device technologies. However, this demands control of electrical properties and understanding of the physics behind organic interfaces. Here, a quantitative spatial overview of work function characteristics for phthalocyanine architectures on Au substrates is provided via kelvin probe microscopy. While macroscopic investigations are very informative, the current approach offers a nanoscale spatial rendering of electrical characteristics which is not possible to attain via conventional techniques. Interface dipole is observed due to the formation of charge accumulation layers in thin F16 CuPc, F16 CoPc, and MnPc films, displaying work functions of 5.7, 6.1, and 5.0 eV, respectively. The imaging and quantification of interface locations with significant surface potential and work function response (<0.33 eV for material thickness <1 nm) show also a dependency on the crystalline state of the organic systems. The work function mapping suggests space-charge carrier regions of about 4 nm at the organic interface. This reveals rich spatial electric parameters and ambipolar characteristics that may drive electrical performance at device scales, opening a realm of possibilities toward the development of functional organic architectures and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Siles
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirunalini Devarajulu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfAED), TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cluster of Excellence MERGE, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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9
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Ran C, Xu J, Gao W, Huang C, Dou S. Defects in metal triiodide perovskite materials towards high-performance solar cells: origin, impact, characterization, and engineering. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4581-4610. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00868f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The progress of defect science in metal triiodide perovskite is critically reviewed, including the origin, impacts, characterization, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Ran
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering
- Xi’ an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Jiantie Xu
- School of Environment and Energy
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Weiyin Gao
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering
- Xi’ an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Chunmao Huang
- School of Environment and Energy
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Technology and Equipment
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
| | - Shixue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong 2500
- Australia
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10
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deQuilettes DW, Jariwala S, Burke S, Ziffer ME, Wang JTW, Snaith HJ, Ginger DS. Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11488-11496. [PMID: 29088539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We use correlated confocal and wide-field fluorescence microscopy to probe the interplay between local variations in charge carrier recombination and charge carrier transport in methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite thin films. We find that local photoluminescence variations present in confocal imaging are also observed in wide-field imaging, while intensity-dependent confocal measurements show that the heterogeneity in nonradiative losses observed at low excitation powers becomes less pronounced at higher excitation powers. Both confocal and wide-field images show that carriers undergo anisotropic diffusion due to differences in intergrain connectivity. These data are all qualitatively consistent with trap-dominated variations in local photoluminescence intensity and with grain boundaries that exhibit varying degrees of opacity to carrier transport. We use a two-dimensional kinetic model to simulate and compare confocal time-resolved photoluminescence decay traces with experimental data. The simulations further support the assignment of local variations in nonradiative recombination as the primary cause of photoluminescence heterogeneity in the films studied herein. These results point to surface passivation and intergrain connectivity as areas that could yield improvements in perovskite solar cells and optoelectronic device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W deQuilettes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sarthak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Sven Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Mark E Ziffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Jacob T-W Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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11
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Simpson MJ, Doughty B, Das S, Xiao K, Ma YZ. Separating Bulk and Surface Contributions to Electronic Excited-State Processes in Hybrid Mixed Perovskite Thin Films via Multimodal All-Optical Imaging. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3299-3305. [PMID: 28675298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of electronic excited-state phenomena underlying the impressive performance of solution-processed hybrid halide perovskite solar cells requires access to both spatially resolved electronic processes and corresponding sample morphological characteristics. Here, we demonstrate an all-optical multimodal imaging approach that enables us to obtain both electronic excited-state and morphological information on a single optical microscope platform with simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution. Specifically, images were acquired for the same region of interest in thin films of chloride containing mixed lead halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) using femtosecond transient absorption, time-integrated photoluminescence, confocal reflectance, and transmission microscopies. Comprehensive image analysis revealed the presence of surface- and bulk-dominated contributions to the various images, which describe either spatially dependent electronic excited-state properties or morphological variations across the probed region of the thin films. These results show that PL probes effectively the species near or at the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Simpson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Sanjib Das
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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12
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Garrett JL, Tennyson EM, Hu M, Huang J, Munday JN, Leite MS. Real-Time Nanoscale Open-Circuit Voltage Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2554-2560. [PMID: 28226210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites based on methylammonium lead (MAPbI3) are an emerging material with great potential for high-performance and low-cost photovoltaics. However, for perovskites to become a competitive and reliable solar cell technology their instability and spatial variation must be understood and controlled. While the macroscopic characterization of the devices as a function of time is very informative, a nanoscale identification of their real-time local optoelectronic response is still missing. Here, we implement a four-dimensional imaging method through illuminated heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy to spatially (<50 nm) and temporally (16 s/scan) resolve the voltage of perovskite solar cells in a low relative humidity environment. Local open-circuit voltage (Voc) images show nanoscale sites with voltage variation >300 mV under 1-sun illumination. Surprisingly, regions of voltage that relax in seconds and after several minutes consistently coexist. Time-dependent changes of the local Voc are likely due to intragrain ion migration and are reversible at low injection level. These results show for the first time the real-time transient behavior of the Voc in perovskite solar cells at the nanoscale. Understanding and controlling the light-induced electrical changes that affect device performance are critical to the further development of stable perovskite-based solar technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jeremy N Munday
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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13
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Tian W, Cui R, Leng J, Liu J, Li Y, Zhao C, Zhang J, Deng W, Lian T, Jin S. Limiting Perovskite Solar Cell Performance by Heterogeneous Carrier Extraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Junxue Liu
- Department of Chemistry; China University of Petroleum; 66 Changjiang West Rd., Huangdao District Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Yajuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Chunyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; China University of Petroleum; 66 Changjiang West Rd., Huangdao District Qingdao 266580 China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry; Emory Univeristy; 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA USA
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); 457 ZhongShan Rd. Dalian 116023 China
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14
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Draguta S, Thakur S, Morozov YV, Wang Y, Manser JS, Kamat PV, Kuno M. Spatially Non-uniform Trap State Densities in Solution-Processed Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:715-21. [PMID: 26840877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The facile solution-processability of methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskites has catalyzed the development of inexpensive, hybrid perovskite-based optoelectronics. It is apparent, though, that solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 films possess local emission heterogeneities, stemming from electronic disorder in the material. Herein we investigate the spatially resolved emission properties of CH3NH3PbI3 thin films through detailed emission intensity versus excitation intensity measurements. These studies enable us to establish the existence of nonuniform trap density variations wherein regions of CH3NH3PbI3 films exhibit effective free carrier recombination while others exhibit emission dynamics strongly influenced by the presence of trap states. Such trap density variations lead to spatially varying emission quantum yields and correspondingly impact the performance of both methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells and other hybrid perovskite-based devices. Of additional note is that the observed spatial extent of the optical disorder extends over length scales greater than that of underlying crystalline domains, suggesting the existence of other factors, beyond grain boundary-related nonradiative recombination channels, which lead to significant intrafilm optical heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Draguta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Siddharatha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yurii V Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yuanxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Joseph S Manser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Prashant V Kamat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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15
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Sharenko A, Toney MF. Relationships between Lead Halide Perovskite Thin-Film Fabrication, Morphology, and Performance in Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:463-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sharenko
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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16
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Tian Y, Merdasa A, Unger E, Abdellah M, Zheng K, McKibbin S, Mikkelsen A, Pullerits T, Yartsev A, Sundström V, Scheblykin IG. Enhanced Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Photoluminescence from Nanosized Defect-Free Crystallites and Emitting Sites. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4171-7. [PMID: 26722793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) of organo-metal halide perovskite semiconductors can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by exposure to visible light. We applied PL microscopy and super-resolution optical imaging to investigate this phenomenon with spatial resolution better than 10 nm using films of CH3NH3PbI3 prepared by the equimolar solution-deposition method, resulting in crystals of different sizes. We found that PL of ∼100 nm crystals enhances much faster than that of larger, micrometer-sized ones. This crystal-size dependence of the photochemical light passivation of charge traps responsible for PL quenching allowed us to conclude that traps are present in the entire crystal volume rather than at the surface only. Because of this effect, "dark" micrometer-sized perovskite crystals can be converted into highly luminescent smaller ones just by mechanical grinding. Super-resolution optical imaging shows spatial inhomogeneity of the PL intensity within perovskite crystals and the existence of <100 nm-sized localized emitting sites. The possible origin of these sites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Unger
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarah McKibbin
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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