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Kim W, Yoon DK. Electron microscopy analysis of soft materials with
freeze‐fracture
techniques. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wantae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
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2
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Farr NT. Revealing Localised Mechanochemistry of Biomaterials Using In Situ Multiscale Chemical Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3462. [PMID: 35629492 PMCID: PMC9144768 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study of mechanical and chemical phenomena arising within a material that is being subjected to external stress is termed mechanochemistry (MC). Recent advances in MC have revealed the prospect not only to enable a greener route to chemical transformations but also to offer previously unobtainable opportunities in the production and screening of biomaterials. To date, the field of MC has been constrained by the inability of current characterisation techniques to provide essential localised multiscale chemically mapping information. A potential method to overcome this is secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI). SEHI is a multiscale material characterisation technique applied within a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the collection of secondary electron (SE) emission spectra at low primary beam energies, SEHI is applicable to the chemical assessment of uncoated polymer surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that SEHI can provide in situ MC information using poly(glycerol sebacate)-methacrylate (PGS-M) as an example biomaterial of interest. This study brings the use of a bespoke in situ SEM holder together with the application of SEHI to provide, for the first time, enhanced biomaterial mechanochemical characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T.H. Farr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK;
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfeld Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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3
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Nohl JF, Farr NT, Sun Y, Hughes GM, Cussen SA, Rodenburg C. Low-voltage SEM of air-sensitive powders: from sample preparation to micro/nano analysis with Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. Micron 2022; 156:103234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu D. Application of Microspectral Imaging in Motor and Sensory Nerve Classification. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:4954540. [PMID: 34912533 PMCID: PMC8668288 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4954540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective It aimed to explore the application of the microscopic hyperspectral technique in motor and sensory nerve classification. Methods The self-developed microscopic hyperspectral acquisition system was applied to collect the data of anterior and posterior spinal cord sections of white rabbits. The joint correction algorithm was employed to preprocess the collected data, such as noise reduction. On the basis of pure linear light source index, a new pixel purification algorithm based on cross contrast was proposed to extract more regions of interest, which was used for feature extraction of motor and sensory nerves. Besides, the ML algorithm was employed to classify motor and sensory nerves based on feature extraction results. Results The joint correction algorithm was adopted to preprocess the data collected by the microscopic hyperspectral technique, so as to eliminate the influence of the incident light source and the system and improve the classification accuracy. The axon and myelin spectrum curves of the two kinds of nerves in the stained specimens had the same trend, but the values of all kinds of spectrum of sensory nerves were higher than those of motor nerves. However, the myelin sheath spectrum curves of motor nerves in the unstained specimens were greatly different from the curves of sensory nerves. The axon spectrum curves had the same trend, but the axon spectrum values of sensory nerves were higher than those of motor nerves. The ML algorithm had high accuracy and fast speed in motor and sensory nerve classification, and the classification effect of stained specimens was better than that of unstained specimens. Conclusion The microscopic hyperspectral technique had high feasibility in sensory and motor nerve classification and was worthy of further research and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Xu
- Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shanxi, Xi'an 710100, China
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5
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Kim T, Oh S, Choudhry U, Meinhart CD, Chabinyc ML, Liao B. Transient Strain-Induced Electronic Structure Modulation in a Semiconducting Polymer Imaged by Scanning Ultrafast Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9146-9152. [PMID: 34672604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting polymers under external strain is essential for their applications in flexible devices. Although prior studies have highlighted the impact of static and macroscopic strains, assessing the effect of a local transient deformation before structural relaxation occurs remains challenging. Here, we employ scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (SUEM) to image the dynamics of a photoinduced transient strain in the semiconducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We observe that the photoinduced SUEM contrast, corresponding to the local change of secondary electron emission, exhibits an unusual ring-shaped profile. We attribute the observation to the electronic structure modulation of P3HT caused by a photoinduced strain field owing to its low modulus and strong electron-lattice coupling, supported by a finite-element analysis. Our work provides insights into tailoring optoelectronic properties using transient mechanical deformation in semiconducting polymers and demonstrates the versatility of SUEM to study photophysical processes in diverse materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Usama Choudhry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Carl D Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bolin Liao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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Farr NTH, Roman S, Schäfer J, Quade A, Lester D, Hearnden V, MacNeil S, Rodenburg C. A novel characterisation approach to reveal the mechano-chemical effects of oxidation and dynamic distension on polypropylene surgical mesh. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34710-34723. [PMID: 35494782 PMCID: PMC9042683 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05944k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) surgical mesh, used successfully for the surgical repair of abdominal hernias, is associated with serious clinical complications when used in the pelvic floor for repair of stress urinary incontinence or support of pelvic organ prolapse. While manufacturers claim that the material is inert and non-degradable, there is a growing body of evidence that asserts PP fibres are subject to oxidative damage and indeed explanted material from patients suffering with clinical complications has shown some evidence of fibre cracking and oxidation. It has been proposed that a pathological cellular response to the surgical mesh contributes to the medical complications; however, the mechanisms that trigger the specific host response against the material are not well understood. Specifically, this study was constructed to investigate the mechano-chemical effects of oxidation and dynamic distension on polypropylene surgical mesh. To do this we used a novel advanced spectroscopical characterisation technique, secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI), which is based on the collection of secondary electron emission spectra in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reveal mechanical-chemical reactions within PP meshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T H Farr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street UK
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine The Pam Liversidge Building, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street Sheffield UK
| | - Sabiniano Roman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street UK
| | - Jan Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP e.V.) Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Antje Quade
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP e.V.) Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Daniel Lester
- Polymer Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick Library Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Vanessa Hearnden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street UK
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street UK
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8
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Monitoring Carbon in Electron and Ion Beam Deposition within FIB-SEM. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113034. [PMID: 34199625 PMCID: PMC8199708 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that carbon present in scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Focused ion beam (FIB) systems and FIB-SEMs, causes imaging artefacts and influences the quality of TEM lamellae or structures fabricated in FIB-SEMs. The severity of such effects depends not only on the quantity of carbon present but also on its bonding state. Despite this, the presence of carbon and its bonding state is not regularly monitored in FIB-SEMs. Here we demonstrated that Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging (SEHI) can be implemented in different FIB-SEMs (ThermoFisher Helios G4-CXe PFIB and Helios Nanolab G3 UC) and used to observe carbon built up/removal and bonding changes resulting from electron/ion beam exposure. As well as the ability to monitor, this study also showed the capability of Plasma FIB Xe exposure to remove carbon contamination from the surface of a Ti6246 alloy without the requirement of chemical surface treatments.
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9
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Farr N, Thanarak J, Schäfer J, Quade A, Claeyssens F, Green N, Rodenburg C. Understanding Surface Modifications Induced via Argon Plasma Treatment through Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003762. [PMID: 33643809 PMCID: PMC7887591 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects that sterilization methods have on the surface of a biomaterial is a prerequisite for clinical deployment. Sterilization causes alterations in a material's surface chemistry and surface structures that can result in significant changes to its cellular response. Here we compare surfaces resulting from the application of the industry standard autoclave sterilisation to that of surfaces resulting from the use of low-pressure Argon glow discharge within a novel gas permeable packaging method in order to explore a potential new biomaterial sterilisation method. Material surfaces are assessed by applying secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI). SEHI is a novel low-voltage scanning electron microscopy based characterization technique that, in addition to capturing topographical images, also provides nanoscale resolution chemical maps by utilizing the energy distribution of emitted secondary electrons. Here, SEHI maps are exploited to assess the lateral distributions of diverse functional groups that are effected by the sterilization treatments. This information combined with a range of conventional surface analysis techniques and a cellular metabolic activity assay reveals persuasive reasons as to why low-pressure argon glow discharge should be considered for further optimization as a potential terminal sterilization method for PGS-M, a functionalized form of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farr
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Jeerawan Thanarak
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Jan Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Antje Quade
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 2Greifswald17489Germany
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Nicola Green
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingUniversity of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
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10
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Farr NTH, Hamad SF, Gray E, Magazzeni CM, Longman F, Armstrong DEJ, Foreman JP, Claeyssens F, Green NH, Rodenburg C. Identifying and mapping chemical bonding within phenolic resin using secondary electron hyperspectral imaging. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
“Secondary electron hyperspectral imaging (SEHI) is an innovative SEM-based analysis tool allowing spatially-resolved chemical analysis beyond elemental composition”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. H. Farr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Sameer F. Hamad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Euan Gray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Fodio Longman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Joel P. Foreman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Nicola H. Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sir Robert Hadfield Building
- Mappin Street
- University of Sheffield
- UK
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11
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SURI A, PRATT A, TEAR S, WALKER C, EL‐GOMATI M. Next generation secondary electron detector with energy analysis capability for SEM. J Microsc 2020; 279:207-211. [PMID: 31985065 PMCID: PMC8597398 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the working of a novel detector design based on a Bessel Box (BB) electron energy analyser in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We demonstrate the application of our detector for elemental identification through Auger electron detection in an SEM environment and its potential as a complementary technique to energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. We also demonstrate energy‐filtered secondary electron imaging of a copper‐on‐silicon sample using an electron pass energy of 12 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. SURI
- Department of Electronic EngineeringUniversity of York York U.K
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of York York U.K
| | - A. PRATT
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of York York U.K
| | - S. TEAR
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of York York U.K
| | - C. WALKER
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of York York U.K
| | - M. EL‐GOMATI
- Department of Electronic EngineeringUniversity of York York U.K
- York Probe Sources Ltd Harwood road York U.K
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12
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Farr N, Pashneh‐Tala S, Stehling N, Claeyssens F, Green N, Rodenburg C. Characterizing Cross‐Linking Within Polymeric Biomaterials in the SEM by Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900484. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farr
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Samand Pashneh‐Tala
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicola Stehling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicola Green
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico MedicineThe Pam Liversidge BuildingSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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13
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Abrams KJ, Dapor M, Stehling N, Azzolini M, Kyle SJ, Schäfer J, Quade A, Mika F, Kratky S, Pokorna Z, Konvalina I, Mehta D, Black K, Rodenburg C. Making Sense of Complex Carbon and Metal/Carbon Systems by Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900719. [PMID: 31592411 PMCID: PMC6774015 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and carbon/metal systems with a multitude of functionalities are ubiquitous in new technologies but understanding on the nanoscale remains elusive due to their affinity for interaction with their environment and limitations in available characterization techniques. This paper introduces a spectroscopic technique and demonstrates its capacity to reveal chemical variations of carbon. The effectiveness of this approach is validated experimentally through spatially averaging spectroscopic techniques and using Monte Carlo modeling. Characteristic spectra shapes and peak positions for varying contributions of sp2-like or sp3-like bond types and amorphous hydrogenated carbon are reported under circumstances which might be observed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces as a result of air or electron beam exposure. The spectral features identified above are then used to identify the different forms of carbon present within the metallic films deposited from reactive organometallic inks. While spectra for metals is obtained in dedicated surface science instrumentation, the complex relations between carbon and metal species is only revealed by secondary electron (SE) spectroscopy and SE hyperspectral imaging obtained in a state-of-the-art scanning electron microscope (SEM). This work reveals the inhomogeneous incorporation of carbon on the nanoscale but also uncovers a link between local orientation of metallic components and carbon form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J. Abrams
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Maurizio Dapor
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK)Trento38123Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)PovoTrento38123Italy
| | - Nicola Stehling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Martina Azzolini
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK)Trento38123Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)PovoTrento38123Italy
| | - Stephan J. Kyle
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Jan Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Antje Quade
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Filip Mika
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kratky
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pokorna
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ivo Konvalina
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CASKrálovopolská 147612 64BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Danielle Mehta
- School of EngineeringUniversity of LiverpoolHarrison Hughes BuildingLiverpoolL69 3GHUK
| | - Kate Black
- School of EngineeringUniversity of LiverpoolHarrison Hughes BuildingLiverpoolL69 3GHUK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSir Robert Hadfield BuildingThe University of SheffieldMappin StreetSheffieldS1 3JDUK
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