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Kong X, Gao P, Wang J, Fang Y, Hwang KC. Advances of medical nanorobots for future cancer treatments. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37452423 PMCID: PMC10347767 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and diagnosis of many cancers is very challenging. Late stage detection of a cancer always leads to high mortality rates. It is imperative to develop novel and more sensitive and effective diagnosis and therapeutic methods for cancer treatments. The development of new cancer treatments has become a crucial aspect of medical advancements. Nanobots, as one of the most promising applications of nanomedicines, are at the forefront of multidisciplinary research. With the progress of nanotechnology, nanobots enable the assembly and deployment of functional molecular/nanosized machines and are increasingly being utilized in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. In recent years, various practical applications of nanobots for cancer treatments have transitioned from theory to practice, from in vitro experiments to in vivo applications. In this paper, we review and analyze the recent advancements of nanobots in cancer treatments, with a particular emphasis on their key fundamental features and their applications in drug delivery, tumor sensing and diagnosis, targeted therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and other comprehensive treatments. At the same time, we discuss the challenges and the potential research opportunities for nanobots in revolutionizing cancer treatments. In the future, medical nanobots are expected to become more sophisticated and capable of performing multiple medical functions and tasks, ultimately becoming true nanosubmarines in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan ROC.
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Zhou T, Wu L, Ma N, Tang F, Chen J, Jiang Z, Li Y, Ma T, Yang N, Zong Z. Photothermally responsive theranostic nanocomposites for near-infrared light triggered drug release and enhanced synergism of photothermo-chemotherapy for gastric cancer. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10368. [PMID: 36684111 PMCID: PMC9842049 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy plays a critical role in the cancer treatment and diagnosis as a promising carcinoma treatment modalities nowadays. However, development of clinical application has been greatly limited due to the inefficient drug release and low tumor accumulation. Herein, we designed a NIR-light triggered indocyanine green (ICG)-based PCL core/P(MEO2MA-b-HMAM) shell nanocomposites (PPH@ICG) and evaluated their therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. The anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) and the photothermal agent ICG were loaded into a thermo-sensitive micelle (PPH@5Fu@ICG) by self-assembly. The nanoparticles formed were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence spectra. The thermo-sensitive copolymer (PPH@5Fu@ICG) showed a great temperature-controlled drug release response with lower critical solution temperature. In vitro cellular uptake and TEM imaging proved that PPH@5Fu@ICG nanoparticles can home into the lysosomal compartments under NIR. Moreover, in gastric tumor-bearing nude mice, PPH@5Fu@ICG + NIR group exhibited excellent improvement in antitumor efficacy based on the NIR-triggered thermo-chemotherapy synergy, both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, the proposed strategy of synergistic photo-hyperthermia chemotherapy effectively reduced the 5Fu dose, toxic or side effect, which could serve as a secure and efficient approach for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taicheng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Medical UltrasonicsThird Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease ResearchGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fuxin Tang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jialin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhipeng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yingru Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Hernia CenterThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor DiseasesThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryGuangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
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Park J, Kim SE, Cho Y, An S, Moon D, Park I, Doh J. Fabrication of 2D and 3D Cell Cluster Arrays Using a Cell-Friendly Photoresist. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3082-3087. [PMID: 34125522 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells in 3D behave differently than cells in 2D. We develop a new method for the fabrication of 2D and 3D cell cluster arrays on an identical substrate using a cell-friendly photoresist, which enables comparative study between cells in 2D and 3D cell clusters. The fabricated cell cluster arrays maintain their structure up to 3 days with good viability. Using this method, 2D and 3D cancer cell clusters with comparable sizes are fabricated, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity assays are performed to assess how dimensionality of cancer cell clusters influence their susceptibility to immune cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Yongbum Cho
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seongmin An
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dowon Moon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Inae Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, BioMAX, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Magnetic tri-bead microrobot assisted near-infrared triggered combined photothermal and chemotherapy of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7907. [PMID: 33846437 PMCID: PMC8041914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic micro/nanorobots attracted much attention in biomedical fields because of their precise movement, manipulation, and targeting abilities. However, there is a lack of research on intelligent micro/nanorobots with stimuli-responsive drug delivery mechanisms for cancer therapy. To address this issue, we developed a type of strong covalently bound tri-bead drug delivery microrobots with NIR photothermal response azobenzene molecules attached to their carboxylic surface groups. The tri-bead microrobots are magnetic and showed good cytocompatibility even when their concentration is up to 200 µg/mL. In vitro photothermal experiments demonstrated fast NIR-responsive photothermal property; the microrobots were heated to 50 °C in 4 min, which triggered a significant increase in drug release. Motion control of the microrobots inside a microchannel demonstrated the feasibility of targeted therapy on tumor cells. Finally, experiments with lung cancer cells demonstrated the effectiveness of targeted chemo-photothermal therapy and were validated by cell viability assays. These results indicated that tri-bead microrobots have excellent potential for targeted chemo-photothermal therapy for lung cancer cell treatment.
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