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Han J, Choi YJ, Kang SK. Synergistic Strategies of Biomolecular Transport Technologies in Transdermal Healthcare Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401753. [PMID: 39087395 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Transdermal healthcare systems have gained significant attention for their painless and convenient drug administration, as well as their ability to detect biomarkers promptly. However, the skin barrier limits the candidates of biomolecules that can be transported, and reliance on simple diffusion poses a bottleneck for personalized diagnosis and treatment. Consequently, recent advancements in transdermal transport technologies have evolved toward active methods based on external energy sources. Multiple combinations of these technologies have also shown promise for increasing therapeutic effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy as delivery efficiency is maximized. Furthermore, wearable healthcare platforms are being developed in diverse aspects for patient convenience, safety, and on-demand treatment. Herein, a comprehensive overview of active transdermal delivery technologies is provided, highlighting the combination-based diagnostics, therapeutics, and theragnostics, along with the latest trends in platform advancements. This offers insights into the potential applications of next-generation wearable transdermal medical devices for personalized autonomous healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Jeong Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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2
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Gong M, Yang X, Li Z, Yu A, Liu Y, Guo H, Li W, Xu S, Xiao L, Li T, Zou W. Surface engineering of pure magnesium in medical implant applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31703. [PMID: 38845950 PMCID: PMC11153198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This review comprehensively surveys the latest advancements in surface modification of pure magnesium (Mg) in recent years, with a focus on various cost-effective procedures, comparative analyses, and assessments of outcomes, addressing the merits and drawbacks of pure Mg and its alloys. Diverse economically feasible methods for surface modification, such as hydrothermal processes and ultrasonic micro-arc oxidation (UMAO), are discussed, emphasizing their exceptional performance in enhancing surface properties. The attention is directed towards the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of pure Mg, underscoring the remarkable efficacy of techniques such as Ca-deficientca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)/MgF2 bi-layer coating and UMAO coating in electrochemical processes. These methods open up novel avenues for the application of pure Mg in medical implants. Emphasis is placed on the significance of adhering to the principles of reinforcing the foundation and addressing the source. The advocacy is for a judicious approach to corrosion protection on high-purity Mg surfaces, aiming to optimize the overall mechanical performance. Lastly, a call is made for future in-depth investigations into areas such as composite coatings and the biodegradation mechanisms of pure Mg surfaces, aiming to propel the field towards more sustainable and innovative developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Gong
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiangjie Yang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhengnan Li
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Anshan Yu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Dongguan Magna Medical Devices Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Lightweight and High Strength Structural Materials of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Hongmin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Dongguan Magna Medical Devices Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shengliang Xu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Libing Xiao
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Weifeng Zou
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Key Laboratory of Near Net Forming in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330031, China
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3
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Kim H, Rigo B, Wong G, Lee YJ, Yeo WH. Advances in Wireless, Batteryless, Implantable Electronics for Real-Time, Continuous Physiological Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:52. [PMID: 38099970 PMCID: PMC10724104 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless, batteryless, fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring, focusing on advancing human health care. Design considerations, such as biological constraints, energy sourcing, and wireless communication, are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human tissues. In addition, we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems, emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. The wireless, batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body, enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease diagnosis. Lastly, we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care, highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Kim
- IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Bruno Rigo
- IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gabriella Wong
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Materials, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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4
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Oh MH, Kim YH, Lee SM, Hwang GS, Kim KS, Kim YN, Bae JY, Kim JY, Lee JY, Kim YC, Kim SY, Kang SK. Lifetime-configurable soft robots via photodegradable silicone elastomer composites. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9962. [PMID: 37624899 PMCID: PMC10456849 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Developing soft robots that can control their own life cycle and degrade on-demand while maintaining hyperelasticity is a notable research challenge. On-demand degradable soft robots, which conserve their original functionality during operation and rapidly degrade under specific external stimulation, present the opportunity to self-direct the disappearance of temporary robots. This study proposes soft robots and materials that exhibit excellent mechanical stretchability and can degrade under ultraviolet light by mixing a fluoride-generating diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate with a silicone resin. Spectroscopic analysis revealed the mechanism of Si─O─Si backbone cleavage using fluoride ion (F-) and thermal analysis indicated accelerated decomposition at elevated temperatures. In addition, we demonstrated a robotics application by fabricating electronics integrated gaiting robot and a fully closed-loop trigger disintegration robot for autonomous, application-oriented functionalities. This study provides a simple yet novel strategy for designing life cycle mimicking soft robotics that can be applied to reduce soft robotics waste, explore hazardous areas, and ensure hardware security with on-demand destructive material platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ha Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Seok Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Nam Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Hwang GS, Bae JY, Kim JW, Park SY, Kim J, Kang SK, Kim JY. Highly Elastic and Conductive Metallic Interconnect with Crystalline-Amorphous Nanolaminate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15863-15871. [PMID: 36920289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanolaminate with alternating layers of nanocrystalline Cu and amorphous CuZrTi is suggested as highly stretchable and conductive interconnect material in stretchable devices. 50 nm nanocrystalline Cu and 20 nm amorphous CuZrTi are the optimum thicknesses of the constituent layers, which result in an elastic deformation limit of 3.33% similar to that of the monolithic amorphous CuZrTi film and an electrical conductivity of 11.83 S/μm corresponding to 70% of that of the monolithic nanocrystalline Cu film. The enhanced elastic deformability and conductivity of the nanolaminates enable the maintenance of the interconnect performance for cyclic stretching with a tensile strain of 114% in the form of a free-standing serpentine structure and a tensile strain of 30% in the form of an ordinary circular coil on an elastomer substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Seok Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Woo Kim
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Materials Safety Technology Development Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Kim KS, Maeng WY, Kim S, Lee G, Hong M, Kim GB, Kim J, Kim S, Han S, Yoo J, Lee H, Lee K, Koo J. Isotropic conductive paste for bioresorbable electronics. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100541. [PMID: 36647537 PMCID: PMC9840151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioresorbable implantable medical devices can be employed in versatile clinical scenarios that burden patients with complications and surgical removal of conventional devices. However, a shortage of suitable electricalinterconnection materials limits the development of bioresorbable electronic systems. Therefore, this study highlights a highly conductive, naturally resorbable paste exhibiting enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical stability that can solve the existing problems of bioresorbable interconnections. Multifaceted experiments on electrical and physical properties were used to optimize the composition of pastes containing beeswax, submicron tungstenparticles, and glycofurol. These pastes embody isotropic conductive paths for three-dimensional interconnects and function as antennas, sensors, and contact pads for bioresorbable electronic devices. The degradation behavior in aqueous solutions was used to assess its stability and ability to retain electrical conductance (∼7 kS/m) and structural form over the requisite dissolution period. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests clarified the safety of the paste as an implantable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Su Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Woo-Youl Maeng
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Gyubok Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Minki Hong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ga-been Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sungeun Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seunghun Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea,Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jahyun Koo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea,Corresponding author.. School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Zarei M, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Advances in Biodegradable Electronic Skin: Material Progress and Recent Applications in Sensing, Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203193. [PMID: 35737931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the electronics industry and proliferation of electronic materials and telecommunications technologies has led to the release of a massive amount of untreated electronic waste (e-waste) into the environment. Consequently, catastrophic environmental damage at the microbiome level and serious human health diseases threaten the natural fate of the planet. Currently, the demand for wearable electronics for applications in personalized medicine, electronic skins (e-skins), and health monitoring is substantial and growing. Therefore, "green" characteristics such as biodegradability, self-healing, and biocompatibility ensure the future application of wearable electronics and e-skins in biomedical engineering and bioanalytical sciences. Leveraging the biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility of natural materials will dramatically influence the fabrication of environmentally friendly e-skins and wearable electronics. Here, the molecular and structural characteristics of biological skins and artificial e-skins are discussed. The focus then turns to the biodegradable materials, including natural and synthetic-polymer-based materials, and their recent applications in the development of biodegradable e-skin in wearable sensors, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Finally, the main challenges and outlook regarding the preparation and application of biodegradable e-skins are critically discussed in a near-future scenario, which is expected to lead to the next generation of biodegradable e-skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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Hanif A, Ghosh G, Meeseepong M, Haq Chouhdry H, Bag A, Chinnamani MV, Kumar S, Sultan MJ, Yadav A, Lee NE. A Composite Microfiber for Biodegradable Stretchable Electronics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1036. [PMID: 34577680 PMCID: PMC8468109 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable stretchable electronics have demonstrated great potential for future applications in stretchable electronics and can be resorbed, dissolved, and disintegrated in the environment. Most biodegradable electronic devices have used flexible biodegradable materials, which have limited conformality in wearable and implantable devices. Here, we report a biodegradable, biocompatible, and stretchable composite microfiber of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for transient stretchable device applications. Compositing high-strength PVA with stretchable and biodegradable PGS with poor processability, formability, and mechanical strength overcomes the limits of pure PGS. As an application, the stretchable microfiber-based strain sensor developed by the incorporation of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) into a composite microfiber showed stable current response under cyclic and dynamic stretching at 30% strain. The sensor also showed the ability to monitor the strain produced by tapping, bending, and stretching of the finger, knee, and esophagus. The biodegradable and stretchable composite materials of PGS with additive PVA have great potential for use in transient and environmentally friendly stretchable electronics with reduced environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeela Hanif
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Montri Meeseepong
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (M.M.); (H.H.C.)
| | - Hamna Haq Chouhdry
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (M.M.); (H.H.C.)
| | - Atanu Bag
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - M. V. Chinnamani
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Surjeet Kumar
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Junaid Sultan
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Anupama Yadav
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (A.H.); (G.G.); (A.B.); (M.V.C.); (S.K.); (M.J.S.); (A.Y.)
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea; (M.M.); (H.H.C.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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