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Jia B, Dong Z, Ren X, Niu M, Kong S, Wan X, Huang H. Hydrogels composite optimized for low resistance and loading-unloading hysteresis for flexible biosensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:516-528. [PMID: 38815387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
With the advancement of wearable and implantable medical devices, hydrogel flexible bioelectronic devices have attracted significant interest due to exhibiting tissue-like mechanical compliance, biocompatibility, and low electrical resistance. In this study, the development and comprehensive performance evaluation of poly(acrylic acid)/ N,N'-bis(acryloyl) cystamine/ 1-butyl-3-ethenylimidazol-1-ium:bromide (PAA/NB/IL) hydrogels designed for flexible sensor applications are introduced. Engineered through a combination of physical and chemical cross-linking strategies, these hydrogels exhibit strong mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and effective sensing capabilities. At 95 % strain, the compressive modulus of PAA/NB/IL 100 reach up to 3.66 MPa, with the loading-unloading process showing no significant hysteresis loop, indicating strong mechanical stability and elasticity. An increase in the IL content was observed to enlarge the porosity of the hydrogels, thereby influencing their swelling behavior and sensing functionality. Biocompatibility assessments revealed that the hemolysis rate was below 5 %, ensuring their suitability for biomedical applications. Upon implantation in rats, a minimal acute inflammatory response was observed, comparable to that of the biocompatibility control poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). These results suggest that PAA/NB/IL hydrogels hold promise as biomaterials for biosensors, offering a balance of mechanical integrity, physiological compatibility, and sensing sensitivity, thereby facilitating advanced healthcare monitoring solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jia
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ren
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Muwen Niu
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shuzhen Kong
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wan
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Heyuan Huang
- School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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2
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Zhang S, Guo F, Li M, Yang M, Zhang D, Han L, Li X, Zhang Y, Cao A, Shang Y. Fast gelling, high performance MXene hydrogels for wearable sensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:137-147. [PMID: 38100970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based functional materials had attracted great attention in the fields of artificial intelligence, soft robotics, and motion monitoring. However, the gelation of hydrogels induced by free radical polymerization typically required heating, light exposure, and other conditions, limiting their practical applications and development in real-life scenarios. In this study, a simple and direct method was proposed to achieve rapid gelation at room temperature by incorporating reductive MXene sheets in conjunction with metal ions into the chitosan network and inducing the formation of a polyacrylamide network in an extremely short time (10 s). This resulted in a dual-network MXene-crosslinked conductive hydrogel composite that exhibited exceptional stretchability (1350 %), remarkably low dissipated energy (0.40 kJ m-3 at 100 % strain), high sensitivity (GF = 2.86 at 300-500 % strain), and strong adhesion to various substrate surfaces. The study demonstrated potential applications in the reliable detection of various motions, including repetitive fine movements and large-scale human body motions. This work provided a feasible platform for developing integrated wearable health-monitoring electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Fengmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengdan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lei Han
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yingjiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Lu C, Wang X, Jia Q, Xu S, Wang C, Du S, Wang J, Yong Q, Chu F. 3D printed mechanical robust cellulose derived liquid-free ionic conductive elastomer for multifunctional electronic devices. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121496. [PMID: 37985087 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Ionic gel-based wearable electronic devices with robust sensing performance have gained extensive attention. However, the development of mechanical robustness, high conductivity, and customizable bio-based ionic gel for multifunctional wearable sensors still is a challenge. Herein, we first report the preparation of 3D printed cellulose derived ionic conductive elastomers (ICEs) with high mechanical toughness, high conductivity, and excellent environment stability through one-step photo-polymerization of polymerizable deep eutectic solvents. In the ICEs, carboxylate cellulose nanocrystals (C-CNCs) were used as a bio-template for the in-situ polymerization of the aniline to avoid the aggregation of polyaniline and yield a high conductivity (58.7 mS/m). More importantly, the well-defined structural design combining multiple hydrogen bonds with strong coordination bonds endows the ICEs with extremely high mechanical strength (4.4 MPa), toughness (13.33 MJ*m-3), high elasticity and excellent environment stability. Given by these features, the ICE was utilized to assemble multifunctional strain, humidity, and temperature sensors for real-time and reliable detection the human motions, respiration, and body temperature. This work provides a promising strategy for designing the new generation of strong, tough bio-based ionic gel for multifunctional wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qianqian Jia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shijian Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shuo Du
- Key Lab of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage of Ministry of Education (HUST), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Qiang Yong
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Zhang Y, Tang Q, Zhou J, Zhao C, Li J, Wang H. Conductive and Eco-friendly Biomaterials-based Hydrogels for Noninvasive Epidermal Sensors: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:191-218. [PMID: 38052003 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As noninvasive wearable electronic devices, epidermal sensors enable continuous, real-time, and remote monitoring of various human physiological parameters. Conductive biomaterials-based hydrogels as sensor matrix materials have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and efficient stimulus response capabilities and are widely applied in motion monitoring, healthcare, and human-machine interaction. However, biomass hydrogel-based epidermal sensing devices still need excellent mechanical properties, prolonged stability, multifunctionality, and extensive practicality. Therefore, this paper reviews the common biomass hydrogel materials for epidermal sensing (proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, etc.) and the various types of noninvasive sensing devices (strain/pressure sensors, temperature sensors, glucose sensors, electrocardiograms, etc.). Moreover, this review focuses on the strategies of scholars to enhance sensor properties, such as strength, conductivity, stability, adhesion, and self-healing ability. This work will guide the preparation and optimization of high-performance biomaterials-based hydrogel epidermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Tang
- School of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haiting Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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Choi H, Jeong U. Purposive Design of Stretchable Composite Electrodes for Strain-Negative, Strain-Neutral, and Strain-Positive Ionic Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306795. [PMID: 37689978 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft ionic sensors have emerged as a promising device form to accommodate various future electronic applications. One of the hurdles in ionic sensors is that the sensing signals by mechanical deformation and other stimuli are mixed up. Although the performance of the ionic sensors is highly dependent on the structure of electrodes, systematic investigation of purposive electrode design has been rarely explored. This study proposes a simple strategy for designing stretchable composite electrodes which make the ionic sensor strain-negative, strain-neutral, and strain-positive. This study reveals that such strain-responses can be obtained by adjusting the surface coverage of the electrically-effective conductive fillers. On the basis of the concept, deposition of a Au film on an elastomer composite and crack formation of the Au film are presented for the practical fabrication of a highly reproducible strain-neutral ionic sensor. A completely strain-independent temperature sensor is demonstrated by using the Au crack-based ionic sensor. In addition, this study demonstrates a two-terminal shear sensor capable of recognizing shear directions by combining the strain-positive and strain-negative electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongseok Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Suh W, Ki K, Kim T, Choi H, Lee A, Jeong U. Shear-Pressure Decoupling and Accurate Perception of Shear Directions in Ionic Sensors by Analyzing the Frequency-Dependent Ionic Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37883785 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In artificial tactile sensing, to emulate the human sense of touch, independent perception of shear force and pressure is important. Decoupling the pressure and shear force is a challenging task for ensuring stable grasping manipulation for both soft and brittle objects. This study introduces a deformable ion gel-based tactile sensor that is capable of distinguishing pressure from shear force when pressurized shear force is applied in any direction. Recognition of the decoupled forces and precise shear directions is enabled by acquiring tactile data at only two frequencies (20 Hz and 10 kHz) based on the frequency-dependent ion dynamics. This study demonstrates monitoring the changes in pressure, shear force, and shear directions while performing practical robotic actions, such as pouring a water bottle, opening a water bottle cap, and picking up a book and placing it on a shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjeong Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghyun Ki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseok Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Balakrishnan G, Song J, Khair AS, Bettinger CJ. Poisson-Nernst-Planck framework for modelling ionic strain and temperature sensors. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:5544-5551. [PMID: 36810661 PMCID: PMC10293092 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionically conductive hydrogels are gaining traction as sensing and structural materials for use bioelectronic devices. Hydrogels that feature large mechanical compliances and tractable ionic conductivities are compelling materials that can sense physiological states and potentially modulate the stimulation of excitable tissue because of the congruence in electro-mechanical properties across the tissue-material interface. However, interfacing ionic hydrogels with conventional DC voltage-based circuits poses several technical challenges including electrode delamination, electrochemical reaction, and drifting contact impedance. Utilizing alternating voltages to probe ion-relaxation dynamics has been shown to be a viable alternative for strain and temperature sensing. In this work, we present a Poisson-Nernst-Planck theoretical framework to model ion transport under alternating fields within conductors subject to varying strains and temperatures. Using simulated impedance spectra, we develop key insights about the relationship between frequency of the applied voltage perturbation and sensitivity. Lastly, we perform preliminary experimental characterization to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed theory. We believe this work provides a useful perspective that is applicable to the design of a variety of ionic hydrogel-based sensors for biomedical and soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Balakrishnan
- Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jiwoo Song
- Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Aditya S Khair
- Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Faiz S, Kim HW, Oh J, Veerapandian S, Jeong U. High-Precision Stretchable Ionic Temperature Sensor Passivated with a Liquid Metal/Block Copolymer Multilayer Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37267117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Moisture barriers are essential for ionic sensors because moisture has a direct impact on the stability and reliability of electrochemical properties. So far, stretchable moisture barriers that can maximize the advantage of using deformable ion gel as the active material have been rarely investigated and remain as a technological challenge. This study proposes a four-layer (4L) stretchable moisture barrier alternatively composed of a poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) copolymer (SiBS) film (2 μm in thickness) and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) film (1 μm in thickness). This multilayer barrier has a low water permeability of 9.09 × 10-20 m2/Pa s at 50% uniaxial strain (ε) and retains the barrier properties at repeated stretchable cycles at ε = 50%. This study demonstrates a skin-attached precise ion gel-based temperature sensor that is independent of moisture change (even dipping in water) and body motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Faiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Dai C, Wang Y, Shan Y, Ye C, Lv Z, Yang S, Cao L, Ren J, Yu H, Liu S, Shao Z, Li J, Chen W, Ling S. Cytoskeleton-inspired hydrogel ionotronics for tactile perception and electroluminescent display in complex mechanical environments. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:136-148. [PMID: 36317638 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of hydrogel ionotronics (HIs) in devices and machines require them to maintain their robustness under complex mechanical environments. Nevertheless, existing HIs still suffer from various mechanical limitations, such as the lack of balance between softness, strength, toughness, and fatigue fracture under cyclic loads. Inspired by the structure of the cytoskeleton, this study develops a sustainable HI supported by a double filamentous network. This cytoskeleton-like structure can enhance the strength of the HI by 26 times and its toughness by 3 times. It also enables HI to tolerate extreme mechanical stimuli, such as severe deformation, long-term cyclic loading, and high-frequency shearing and shocking. The advantages of these structurally- and mechanically-optimized HI devices in tactile perception and electroluminescent display, i.e., two practical applications where complex mechanical stimuli need to be sustained, are demonstrated. The findings reported in this study can inspire the design of human skin-like robust and anti-fatigue-fracture HI devices for long-term stable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yicheng Shan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- School of Textile & Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu 224051, China
| | - Zhuochen Lv
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Roulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Wenshuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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