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Wu X, Yang X, Wang P, Wang Z, Fan X, Duan W, Yue Y, Xie J, Liu Y. Strain-Temperature Dual Sensor Based on Deep Learning Strategy for Human-Computer Interaction Systems. ACS Sens 2024; 9:4216-4226. [PMID: 39068608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) hydrogels, mimicking human skin, possessing temperature and strain sensing capabilities, are well-suited for human-machine interaction interfaces and wearable devices. In this study, a TE hydrogel with high toughness and temperature responsiveness was created using the Hofmeister effect and TE current effect, achieved through the cross-linking of PVA/PAA/carboxymethyl cellulose triple networks. The Hofmeister effect, facilitated by Na+ and SO42- ions coordination, notably increased the hydrogel's tensile strength (800 kPa). Introduction of Fe2+/Fe3+ as redox pairs conferred a high Seebeck coefficient (2.3 mV K-1), thereby enhancing temperature responsiveness. Using this dual-responsive sensor, successful demonstration of a feedback mechanism combining deep learning with a robotic hand was accomplished (with a recognition accuracy of 95.30%), alongside temperature warnings at various levels. It is expected to replace manual work through the control of the manipulator in some high-temperature and high-risk scenarios, thereby improving the safety factor, underscoring the vast potential of TE hydrogel sensors in motion monitoring and human-machine interaction applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Electric Machinery Health Maintenance & Failure Prevention, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Zinan Wang
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Electric Machinery Health Maintenance & Failure Prevention, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Ying Yue
- School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Electric Machinery Health Maintenance & Failure Prevention, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China
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2
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Yuan B, Jin H, Kong Y, Xu X, Yang M. Gelatin-based ionic hydrogel for intelligent fire-alarm system with considerable toughness, flame retardancy, and thermoelectric performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:135006. [PMID: 39181363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive materials with excellent reliability, sensitivity, and flame-retardant properties have always been an urgent need in the field of intelligent fire protection. In this discourse, we introduce a novel thermosensitive ionic hydrogel coating (gelatin/poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/CaCl2/spindle-shaped aluminum hydroxide nanosheet/glycerol, HCA) synthesized via free radical polymerization. HCA not only demonstrates considerable mechanical properties with a fracture strain of up to 842.5 % and a maximum tensile strength of 0.77 MPa but also exhibits notable flame retardancy and adhesion. It effectively covers combustible surfaces, providing outstanding fire protection. Notably, HCA boasts a Seebeck coefficient of up to 10.1 mV/K, significantly surpassing conventional thermoelectric materials. The well-established linear relationship between the generated voltage and temperature variation enables HCA-based intelligent fire-alarm system to accurately emit continuous alerts during fire incidents and swiftly transmit alarm signals to terminal devices. The development of this intelligent fire-alarm system presents new avenues in intelligent fire-safety technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hang Jin
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Kong
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xichen Xu
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China.
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3
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Shi X, Lee A, Yang B, Ning H, Liu H, An K, Liao H, Huang K, Wen J, Luo X, Zhang L, Gu B, Hu N. Machine Learning Assisted Electronic/Ionic Skin Recognition of Thermal Stimuli and Mechanical Deformation for Soft Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401123. [PMID: 38864344 PMCID: PMC11321626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Soft robots have the advantage of adaptability and flexibility in various scenarios and tasks due to their inherent flexibility and mouldability, which makes them highly promising for real-world applications. The development of electronic skin (E-skin) perception systems is crucial for the advancement of soft robots. However, achieving both exteroceptive and proprioceptive capabilities in E-skins, particularly in terms of decoupling and classifying sensing signals, remains a challenge. This study presents an E-skin with mixed electronic and ionic conductivity that can simultaneously achieve exteroceptive and proprioceptive, based on the resistance response of conductive hydrogels. It is integrated with soft robots to enable state perception, with the sensed signals further decoded using the machine learning model of decision trees and random forest algorithms. The results demonstrate that the newly developed hydrogel sensing system can accurately predict attitude changes in soft robots when subjected to varying degrees of pressing, hot pressing, bending, twisting, and stretching. These findings that multifunctional hydrogels combine with machine learning to decode signals may serve as a basis for improving the sensing capabilities of intelligent soft robots in future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Shi
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Alamusi Lee
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Huiming Ning
- College of Aerospace EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Haowen Liu
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Kexu An
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Hansheng Liao
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Kaiyan Huang
- School of Manufacturing Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology59 Qinglong RoadMianyang621010China
| | - Jie Wen
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and MoxibustionFirst Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjin300381China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- School of Basic MedicineChongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Bin Gu
- School of Manufacturing Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology59 Qinglong RoadMianyang621010China
| | - Ning Hu
- School of Mechanical EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical EquipmentHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Intelligent Protective Equipment TechnologyMinistry of EducationHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300401China
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4
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Cheng H, Wang Z, Guo Z, Lou J, Han W, Rao J, Peng F. Cellulose-based thermoelectric composites: A review on mechanism, strategies and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:132908. [PMID: 38942663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for energy and environmental concerns have driven scientists to look for renewable and eco-friendly alternatives. Bio-based thermoelectric (TE) composite materials provide a promising solution to alleviate the global energy crisis due to their direct conversion of heat to electricity. Cellulose, the most abundant bio-polymer on earth with fascinating structure and desirable physicochemical properties, provides an excellent alternative matrix for TE materials. Here, recent studies on cellulose-based TE composites are comprehensively summarized. The fundamentals of TE materials, including TE effects, TE devices, and evaluation on conversion efficiency of TE materials are briefly introduced at the beginning. Then, the state-of-the-art methods for constructing cellulose-based TE composites in the forms of paper/film, aerogel, liquid, and hydrogel, are highlighted. TE performances of these composites are also compared. Following that, applications of cellulose-based TE composites in the fields of energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors) and sensing (e.g., self-powered sensors) are presented. Finally, opportunities and challenges that need investigation toward further development of cellulose-based TE composites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Cheng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zejiang Guo
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jun Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing 100083, China
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5
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Lee LC, Huang KT, Lin YT, Jeng US, Wang CH, Tung SH, Huang CJ, Liu CL. A pH-Sensitive Stretchable Zwitterionic Hydrogel with Bipolar Thermoelectricity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311811. [PMID: 38372500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Amid growing interest in using body heat for electricity in wearables, creating stretchable devices poses a major challenge. Herein, a hydrogel composed of two core constituents, namely the negatively-charged 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and the zwitterionic (ZI) sulfobetaine acrylamide, is engineered into a double-network hydrogel. This results in a significant enhancement in mechanical properties, with tensile stress and strain of up to 470.3 kPa and 106.6%, respectively. Moreover, the ZI nature of the polymer enables the fabrication of a device with polar thermoelectric properties by modulating the pH. Thus, the ionic Seebeck coefficient (Si) of the ZI hydrogel ranges from -32.6 to 31.7 mV K-1 as the pH is varied from 1 to 14, giving substantial figure of merit (ZTi) values of 3.8 and 3.6, respectively. Moreover, a prototype stretchable ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor incorporating the ZI hydrogel exhibits notable power densities of 1.8 and 0.9 mW m-2 at pH 1 and 14, respectively. Thus, the present work paves the way for the utilization of pH-sensitive, stretchable ZI hydrogels for thermoelectric applications, with a specific focus on harvesting low-grade waste heat within the temperature range of 25-40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chieh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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6
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Wang Z, Li N, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Cui X. Thermogalvanic hydrogel-based e-skin for self-powered on-body dual-modal temperature and strain sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38680522 PMCID: PMC11055913 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sensing of both temperature and strain is crucial for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Here, we present a novel hydrogel-based electronic skin (e-skin) capable of dual-mode sensing of temperature and strain. The thermocouple ion selected for this study is the iodine/triiodide (I-/I3-) redox couple, which is a common component in everyday disinfectants. By leveraging the thermoelectric conversion in conjunction with the inherent piezoresistive effect of a gel electrolyte, self-powered sensing is achieved by utilizing the temperature difference between the human body and the external environment. The composite hydrogels synthesized from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) monomers using a simple freeze‒thaw method exhibit remarkable flexibility, extensibility, and adaptability to human tissue. The incorporation of zwitterions further augments the resistance of the hydrogel to dehydration and low temperatures, allowing maintenance of more than 90% of its weight after 48 h in the air. Given its robust thermal current response, the hydrogel was encapsulated and then integrated onto various areas of the human body, including the cheeks, fingers, and elbows. Furthermore, the detection of the head-down state and the monitoring of foot movements demonstrate the promising application of the hydrogel in supervising the neck posture of sedentary office workers and the activity status. The successful demonstration of self-powered on-body temperature and strain sensing opens up new possibilities for wearable intelligent electronics and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosu Wang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Xinru Yang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Hulin Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024 China
| | - Xiaojing Cui
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031 China
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7
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Liu J, Qiu Z, Kan H, Guan T, Zhou C, Qian K, Wang C, Li Y. Incorporating Machine Learning Strategies to Smart Gloves Enabled by Dual-Network Hydrogels for Multitask Control and User Identification. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1886-1895. [PMID: 38529839 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Smart gloves are often used in human-computer interaction scenarios due to their portability and ease of integration. However, their application in the field of information security has been less studied. Herein, we propose a smart glove using an iontronic capacitive sensor with significant pressure-sensing performance. Besides, an operator interface has been developed to match the smart glove, which is capable of multitasking integration of mouse movement, music playback, game control, and message typing in Internet chat rooms by capturing and encoding finger-tapping movements. In addition, by integrating machine learning, we can mine the characteristics of individual behavioral habits contained in the sensor signals and, based on this, achieve a deep binding of the user to the smart glove. The proposed smart glove can greatly facilitate people's lives, as well as explore a new strategy in research on the application of smart gloves in data security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing University of Jinan Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhicheng Qiu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing University of Jinan Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hao Kan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing University of Jinan Jinan 250022, China
| | - Tao Guan
- Sansan Intelligence Technology (Rizhao) Co., LTD, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Changyang Zhou
- Sansan Intelligence Technology (Rizhao) Co., LTD, Rizhao 276800, China
| | - Kai Qian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing University of Jinan Jinan 250022, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China
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8
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Tsai WH, Chen CL, Vankayala RK, Lo YH, Hsieh WP, Wang TH, Huang SY, Chen YY. Enhancement of ZT in Bi 0.5Sb 1.5Te 3 Thin Film through Lattice Orientation Management. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:747. [PMID: 38727342 PMCID: PMC11085152 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric power can convert heat and electricity directly and reversibly. Low-dimensional thermoelectric materials, particularly thin films, have been considered a breakthrough for separating electronic and thermal transport relationships. In this study, a series of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 thin films with thicknesses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 μm have been fabricated by RF sputtering for the study of thickness effects on thermoelectric properties. We demonstrated that microstructure (texture) changes highly correlate with the growth thickness in the films, and equilibrium annealing significantly improves the thermoelectric performance, resulting in a remarkable enhancement in the thermoelectric performance. Consequently, the 0.5 μm thin films achieve an exceptional power factor of 18.1 μWcm-1K-2 at 400 K. Furthermore, we utilize a novel method that involves exfoliating a nanosized film and cutting with a focused ion beam, enabling precise in-plane thermal conductivity measurements through the 3ω method. We obtain the in-plane thermal conductivity as low as 0.3 Wm-1K-1, leading to a maximum ZT of 1.86, nearing room temperature. Our results provide significant insights into advanced thin-film thermoelectric design and fabrication, boosting high-performance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (W.-H.T.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (R.K.V.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | | | - Ying-Hsiang Lo
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (R.K.V.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Pin Hsieh
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Te-Hsien Wang
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Ssu-Yen Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (W.-H.T.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Yang-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (R.K.V.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan
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Gu H, Kang S, Fu Y, Tan L, Gao C, Zheng Z, Lin C. High Seebeck Coefficient Inorganic Ge 15Ga 10Te 75 Core/Polymer Cladding Fibers for Respiration and Body Temperature Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59768-59775. [PMID: 38085539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable thermal sensors based on thermoelectric (TE) materials with high sensitivity and temperature resolution are extensively used in medical diagnosis, human-machine interfaces, and advanced artificial intelligence. However, their development is greatly limited by the lack of materials with both a high Seebeck coefficient and superior anticrystallization ability. Here, a new inorganic amorphous TE material, Ge15Ga10Te75, with a high Seebeck coefficient of 1109 μV/K is reported. Owing to the large difference between the glass-transition temperature and initial crystallization temperature, Ge15Ga10Te75 strongly inhibits crystallization during fiber fabrication by thermally codrawing a precast rod comprising a Ge15Ga10Te75 core and PP polymer cladding. The temperature difference can be effectively transduced into electrical signals to achieve TE fiber thermal sensing with an accurate temperature resolution of 0.03 K and a fast response time of 4 s. It is important to note that after the 1.5 and 5.5 K temperatures changed repeatedly, the TE properties of the fiber demonstrated high stability. Based on the Seebeck effect and superior flexibility of the fibers, they can be integrated into a mask and wearable fabric for human respiration and body temperature monitoring. The superior thermal sensing performance of the TE fibers together with their natural flexibility and scalable fabrication endow them with promising applications in health-monitoring and intelligent medical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shiliang Kang
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Fu
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Linling Tan
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Chengwei Gao
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhuanghao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Changgui Lin
- Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Advanced Infrared Photoelectric Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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