1
|
Park S, Jin SM, Kim S, Cho JH, Hong J, Bae YS, Lim YT. Bioconjugated Antibody-Trojan Immune Converter Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy with Minimized Toxicity by Programmed Two-Step Immunomodulation of Myeloid Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401270. [PMID: 38801164 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Current immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) predominantly targets T cells to harness the antitumor effects of adaptive immune system. However, the effectiveness of ICBT is reduced by immunosuppressive innate myeloid cells in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists (TLR7/8a) are often used to address this problem because they can reprogram myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and boost dendritic cell (DC)-based T-cell generation; however, the systemic toxicity of TLR7/8a limits its clinical translation. Here, to address this limitation and utilize the effectiveness of TLR7/8a, this work suggests a programmed two-step activation strategy via Antibody-Trojan Immune Converter Conjugates (ATICC) that specifically targets myeloid cells by anti-SIRPα followed by reactivation of transiently inactivated Trojan TLR7/8a after antibody-mediated endocytosis. ATICC blocks the CD47-SIRPα ("don't eat me" signal), enhances phagocytosis, reprograms M2 macrophages and MDSCs, and increases cross-presentation by DCs, resulting in antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell generation in tumor-draining lymph nodes and TME while minimizing systemic toxicity. The local or systemic administration of ATICC improves ICBT responsiveness through reprogramming of the immunosuppressive TME, increased infiltration of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. These results highlight the programmed and target immunomodulation via ATICC could enhance cancer immunotherapy with minimized systemic toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Cho
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - JungHyub Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zimarino C, Moody W, Davidson SE, Munir H, Shields JD. Disruption of CD47-SIRPα signaling restores inflammatory function in tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells. iScience 2024; 27:109546. [PMID: 38577107 PMCID: PMC10993187 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous immune population with diverse immunosuppressive functions in solid tumors. Here, we explored the role of the tumor microenvironment in regulating MDSC differentiation and immunosuppressive properties via signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα)/CD47 signaling. In a murine melanoma model, we observed progressive increases in monocytic MDSCs and monocyte-derived dendritic cells that exhibited potent T cell-suppressive capabilities. These adaptations could be recapitulated in vitro by exposing hematopoietic stem cells to tumor-derived factors. Engagement of CD47 with SIRPα on myeloid cells reduced their phagocytic capability, enhanced expression of immune checkpoints, increased reactive oxygen species production, and suppressed T cell proliferation. Perturbation of SIRPα signaling restored phagocytosis and antigen presentation by MDSCs, which was accompanied by renewed T cell activity and delayed tumor growth in multiple solid cancers. These data highlight that therapeutically targeting myeloid functions in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors could enhance anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zimarino
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William Moody
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E. Davidson
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hafsa Munir
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON Mainz) – A Helmholtz Institute of the DKFZ, Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Division of Dermal Oncoimmunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline D. Shields
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emerging phagocytosis checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:104. [PMID: 36882399 PMCID: PMC9990587 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells, has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients' own immune systems in combating the cancer cells. Cancer cells escape immune surveillance by hijacking the corresponding inhibitory pathways via overexpressing checkpoint genes. Phagocytosis checkpoints, such as CD47, CD24, MHC-I, PD-L1, STC-1 and GD2, have emerged as essential checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy by functioning as "don't eat me" signals or interacting with "eat me" signals to suppress immune responses. Phagocytosis checkpoints link innate immunity and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy. Genetic ablation of these phagocytosis checkpoints, as well as blockade of their signaling pathways, robustly augments phagocytosis and reduces tumor size. Among all phagocytosis checkpoints, CD47 is the most thoroughly studied and has emerged as a rising star among targets for cancer treatment. CD47-targeting antibodies and inhibitors have been investigated in various preclinical and clinical trials. However, anemia and thrombocytopenia appear to be formidable challenges since CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on erythrocytes. Here, we review the reported phagocytosis checkpoints by discussing their mechanisms and functions in cancer immunotherapy, highlight clinical progress in targeting these checkpoints and discuss challenges and potential solutions to smooth the way for combination immunotherapeutic strategies that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheruku S, Rao V, Pandey R, Rao Chamallamudi M, Velayutham R, Kumar N. Tumor-associated macrophages employ immunoediting mechanisms in colorectal tumor progression: Current research in Macrophage repolarization immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109569. [PMID: 36773572 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute the most prolific resident of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that regulate its TME into tumor suppressive or progressive milieu by utilizing immunoediting machinery. Here, the tumor cells construct an immunosuppressive microenvironment that educates TAMs to polarize from anti-tumor TAM-M1 to pro-tumor TAM-M2 phenotype consequently contributing to tumor progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), the TME displays a prominent pro-tumorigenic immune profile with elevated expression of immune-checkpoint molecules notably PD-1, CTLA4, etc., in both MSI and ultra-mutated MSS tumors. This authenticated immune-checkpoint inhibition (ICI) immunotherapy as a pre-requisite for clinical benefit in CRC. However, in response to ICI, specifically, the MSIhi tumors evolved to produce novel immune escape variants thus undermining ICI. Lately, TAM-directed therapies extending from macrophage depletion to repolarization have enabled TME alteration. While TAM accrual implicates clinical benefit in CRC, sustained inflammatory insult may program TAMs to shift from M1 to M2 phenotype. Their ability to oscillate on both facets of the spectrum represents macrophage repolarization immunotherapy as an effective approach to treating CRC. In this review, we briefly discuss the differentiation heterogeneity of colonic macrophages that partake in macrophage-directed immunoediting mechanisms in CRC progression and its employment in macrophage re-polarization immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SriPragnya Cheruku
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vanishree Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal- 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, and Research, Hajipur, Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial area, Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Son J, Hsieh RCE, Lin HY, Krause KJ, Yuan Y, Biter AB, Welsh J, Curran MA, Hong DS. Inhibition of the CD47-SIRPα axis for cancer therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of emerging clinical data. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027235. [PMID: 36439116 PMCID: PMC9691650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47-SIRPα interaction acts as a "don't eat me" signal and is exploited by cancer to downregulate innate and adaptive immune surveillance. There has been intense interest to develop a mechanism of blockade, and we aimed to analyze the emerging data from early clinical trials. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant databases and conference abstracts including clinical trials using CD47 and/or SIRPα inhibitors in cancer treatment. Nonlinear mixed models were applied for comparison of response and toxicity. We retrieved 317 articles, 24 of which were eligible. These included 771 response-evaluable patients with hematologic (47.1%) and solid tumors (52.9%). Of these, 6.4% experienced complete response, 10.4% partial response, and 26.1% stable disease for a 16.7% objective response rate (ORR), 42.8% disease control rate, and 4.8-month median duration of response. ORR was significantly higher for hematologic cancers (25.3%) than solid cancers (9.1%, p=0.042). Comparing by mechanism, seven CD47 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and six selective SIRPα blockers were given alone or combined with checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy, and/or chemotherapy. In solid cancers, selective SIRPα blockade showed a higher ORR (16.2%) than anti-CD47 mAbs (2.8%, p=0.079), which was significant for combination therapies (ORR 28.3% vs 3.0%, respectively, p=0.010). Responses were seen in head and neck, colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, hepatocellular, non-small cell lung, and HER2+gastroesophageal cancers. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was seen in 3.3% of patients (5.4% anti-CD47 mAbs, 1.4% selective SIRPα blockers; p=0.01). The frequency of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) ≥grade 3 was 18.0%, similar between the two groups (p=0.082), and mostly laboratory abnormalities. For anti-CD47 mAbs, the most common toxicities included grade 1-2 fatigue (27.2%), headache (21.0%), and anemia (20.5%). For selective SIRPα blockers, these included grade 1-2 infusion reaction (23.1%) and fatigue (15.8%). Anti-CD47 mAbs were significantly more likely than selective SIRPα blockers to cause grade 1-2 fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, headache, and anemia. In conclusion, combination therapies using selective SIRPα blockade had higher response rates in solid tumors than anti-CD47 mAb combinations. Hematologic changes were the main TRAEs, and selective SIRPα blockers seemed to have a better grade 1-2 toxicity profile. Treatment was well-tolerated with minimal DLTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Son
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodney Cheng-En Hsieh
- Departments of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Heather Y. Lin
- Departments of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kate J. Krause
- Departments of Research Medical Library, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ying Yuan
- Departments of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amadeo B. Biter
- Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James Welsh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael A. Curran
- Departments of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David S. Hong
- Departments of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hsieh RCE, Krishnan S, Wu RC, Boda AR, Liu A, Winkler M, Hsu WH, Lin SH, Hung MC, Chan LC, Bhanu KR, Srinivasamani A, De Azevedo RA, Chou YC, DePinho RA, Gubin M, Vilar E, Chen CH, Slay R, Jayaprakash P, Hegde SM, Hartley G, Lea ST, Prasad R, Morrow B, Couillault CA, Steiner M, Wang CC, Venkatesulu BP, Taniguchi C, Kim YSB, Chen J, Rudqvist NP, Curran MA. ATR-mediated CD47 and PD-L1 up-regulation restricts radiotherapy-induced immune priming and abscopal responses in colorectal cancer. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9330. [PMID: 35687697 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) of colorectal cancer (CRC) can prime adaptive immunity against tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-expressing CRC cells systemically. However, abscopal tumor remissions are extremely rare, and the postirradiation immune escape mechanisms in CRC remain elusive. Here, we found that irradiated CRC cells used ATR-mediated DNA repair signaling pathway to up-regulate both CD47 and PD-L1, which through engagement of SIRPα and PD-1, respectively, prevented phagocytosis by antigen-presenting cells and thereby limited TAA cross-presentation and innate immune activation. This postirradiation CD47 and PD-L1 up-regulation was observed across various human solid tumor cells. Concordantly, rectal cancer patients with poor responses to neoadjuvant RT exhibited significantly elevated postirradiation CD47 levels. The combination of RT, anti-SIRPα, and anti-PD-1 reversed adaptive immune resistance and drove efficient TAA cross-presentation, resulting in robust TAA-specific CD8 T cell priming, functional activation of T effectors, and increased T cell clonality and clonal diversity. We observed significantly higher complete response rates to RT/anti-SIRPα/anti-PD-1 in both irradiated and abscopal tumors and prolonged survival in three distinct murine CRC models, including a cecal orthotopic model. The efficacy of triple combination therapy was STING dependent as knockout animals lost most benefit of adding anti-SIRPα and anti-PD-1 to RT. Despite activation across the myeloid stroma, the enhanced dendritic cell function accounts for most improvements in CD8 T cell priming. These data suggest ATR-mediated CD47 and PD-L1 up-regulation as a key mechanism restraining radiation-induced immune priming. RT combined with SIRPα and PD-1 blockade promotes robust antitumor immune priming, leading to systemic tumor regressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Cheng-En Hsieh
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Akash R Boda
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arthur Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Winkler
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Hsu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven Hsesheng Lin
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krithikaa Rajkumar Bhanu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yung-Chih Chou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Gubin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hsien Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravaen Slay
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyamvada Jayaprakash
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shweta Mahendra Hegde
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Genevieve Hartley
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Spencer T Lea
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rishika Prasad
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brittany Morrow
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Madeline Steiner
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Bhanu Prasad Venkatesulu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cullen Taniguchi
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yon Son Betty Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nils-Petter Rudqvist
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alausa A, Lawal KA, Babatunde OA, Obiwulu ENO, Oladokun OC, Fadahunsi OS, Celestine UO, Moses EU, Rejoice AI, Adegbola PI. Overcoming Immunotherapeutic Resistance in PDAC: SIRPα-CD47 blockade. Pharmacol Res 2022; 181:106264. [PMID: 35597384 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A daily increase in the number of new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains an issue of contention in cancer research. The data revealed that a global cumulated case of about 500, 000 have been reported. This has made PDAC the fourteenth most occurring tumor case in cancer research. Furthermore, PDAC is responsible for about 466,003 deaths annually, representing the seventh prevalent type of cancer mortality. PDAC has no salient symptoms in its early stages. This has exasperated several attempts to produce a perfect therapeutic agent against PDAC. Recently, immunotherapeutic research has shifted focus to the blockade of checkpoint proteins in the management and of some cancers. Investigations have centrally focused on developing therapeutic agents that could at least to a significant extent block the SIRPα-CD47 signaling cascade (a cascade which prevent phagocytosis of tumors by dendritic cells, via the deactivation of innate immunity and subsequently resulting in tumor regression) with minimal side effects. The concept on the blockade of this interaction as a possible mechanism for inhibiting the progression of PDAC is currently being debated. This review examined the structure--function activity of SIRPα-CD47 interaction while discussing in detail the mechanism of tumor resistance in PDAC. Further, this review details how the blockade of SIRPα-CD47 interaction serve as a therapeutic option in the management of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Alausa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state.
| | - Khadijat Ayodeji Lawal
- Heamtalogy and Blood Transfusion Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | - E N O Obiwulu
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Delta, Agbor, Delta State
| | | | | | - Ugwu Obiora Celestine
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arnouk S, De Groof TW, Van Ginderachter JA. Imaging and therapeutic targeting of the tumor immune microenvironment with biologics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114239. [PMID: 35351469 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The important role of tumor microenvironmental elements in determining tumor progression and metastasis has been firmly established. In particular, the presence and activity profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells may be associated with the outcome of the disease and may predict responsiveness to (immuno)therapy. Indeed, while some immune cell types, such as macrophages, support cancer cell outgrowth and mediate therapy resistance, the presence of activated CD8+ T cells is usually indicative of a better prognosis. It is therefore of the utmost interest to obtain a full picture of the immune infiltrate in tumors, either as a prognostic test, as a way to stratify patients to maximize therapeutic success, or as therapy follow-up. Hence, the non-invasive imaging of these cells is highly warranted, with biologics being prime candidates to achieve this goal.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lecoultre M, Dutoit V, Walker PR. Phagocytic function of tumor-associated macrophages as a key determinant of tumor progression control: a review. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001408. [PMID: 33335026 PMCID: PMC7747550 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phagocytic activity is emerging as a new mechanism to harness for cancer treatment. Currently, many approaches are investigated at the preclinical level and some modalities have now reached clinical trials, including the targeting of the phagocytosis inhibitor CD47. The rationale for increasing TAM phagocytic activity is to improve innate anticancer immunity, and to promote T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses. In this context, a clear understanding of the impact of TAM phagocytosis on both innate and adaptive immunity is critical. Indeed, uncertainties persist regarding the capacity of TAM to present tumor antigens to CD8 T cells by cross-presentation. This process is critical for an optimal cytotoxic T-cell immune response and can be mediated by dendritic cells but also potentially by macrophages. In addition, the engulfment of cancer cells affects TAM functionality, as apoptotic cell uptake (a process termed efferocytosis) promotes macrophage anti-inflammatory functions. Because of the abundance of TAM in most solid tumors and the common use of apoptosis inducers such as radiotherapy to treat patients with cancer, efferocytosis potentially affects the overall immune balance within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will discuss how cancer cell phagocytosis by TAM impacts antitumor immunity. First, we will focus on the potential of the phagocytic activity of TAM per se to control tumor progression. Second, we will examine the potential of TAM to act as antigen presenting cells for tumor specific CD8 T cells, considering the different characteristics of this process in the tumor tissue and at the molecular level. Finally, we will see how phagocytosis and efferocytosis affect TAM functionality and how these mechanisms impact on antitumor immunity. A better understanding of these aspects will enable us to better predict and interpret the consequences of cancer therapies on the immune status of the TME. Future cancer treatment regimens can thereby be designed to not only impact directly on cancer cells, but also to favorably modulate TAM phagocytic activity to benefit from the potential of this central immune player to achieve more potent therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecoultre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland .,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
7S,15R-Dihydroxy-16S,17S-Epoxy-Docosapentaenoic Acid, a Novel DHA Epoxy Derivative, Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Stemness through Repolarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophage Functions and the ROS/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091459. [PMID: 34573091 PMCID: PMC8470250 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a highly malignant cancer that is inherently resistant to many chemotherapeutic drugs owing to the complicated tumor-supportive microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are known to mediate colorectal cancer metastasis and relapse and are therefore a promising therapeutic target. In the current study, we first confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of 7S,15R-dihydroxy-16S,17S-epoxy-docosapentaenoic acid (diHEP-DPA), a novel DHA dihydroxy derivative synthesized in our previous work. We found that diHEP-DPA significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokines secretion of THP1 macrophages, IL-6, and TNF-α. As expected, diHEP-DPA also modulated TAM polarization, as evidenced by decreased gene and protein expression of the TAM markers, CD206, CD163, VEGF, and TGF-β1. During the polarization process, diHEP-DPA treatment decreased the concentration of TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in culture supernatants via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, diHEP-DPA blocked immunosuppression by reducing the expression of SIRPα in TAMs and CD47 in colorectal cancer cells. Knowing that an inflammatory TME largely serves to support epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness, we tested whether diHEP-DPA acted through polarization of TAMs to regulate these processes. The intraperitoneally injected diHEP-DPA inhibited tumor growth when administered alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy in vivo. We further found that diHEP-DPA effectively reversed TAM-conditioned medium (TCCM)-induced EMT and enhanced colorectal cancer stemness, as evidenced by its inhibition of colorectal cancer cell migration, invasion and expression of EMT markers, as well as cancer cell tumorspheres formation, without damaging colorectal cancer cells. DiHEP-DPA reduced the population of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive cells and expression of colorectal stemness marker proteins (CD133, CD44, and Sox2) by modulating TAM polarization. Additionally, diHEP-DPA directly inhibited cancer stemness by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in turn, reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). These data collectively suggest that diHEP-DPA has the potential for development as an anticancer agent against colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou X, Liu X, Huang L. Macrophage-Mediated Tumor Cell Phagocytosis: Opportunity for Nanomedicine Intervention. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2006220. [PMID: 33692665 PMCID: PMC7939128 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202006220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most abundant non-malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment, playing critical roles in mediating tumor immunity. As important innate immune cells, macrophages possess the potential to engulf tumor cells and present tumor-specific antigens for adaptive antitumor immunity induction, leading to growing interest in targeting macrophage phagocytosis for cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, live tumor cells have evolved to evade phagocytosis by macrophages via the extensive expression of anti-phagocytic molecules, such as CD47. In addition, macrophages also rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) in the tumor microenvironment, which inhibits inflammatory responses and facilitates immune escape of tumor cells. Thus, intervention of macrophage phagocytosis by blocking anti-phagocytic signals on live tumor cells or inhibiting tumor efferocytosis presents a promising strategy for the development of cancer immunotherapies. Here, the regulation of macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis is first summarized, followed by an overview of strategies targeting macrophage phagocytosis for the development of antitumor therapies. Given the potential off-target effects associated with the administration of traditional therapeutics (for example, monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors), we highlight the opportunity for nanomedicine in macrophage phagocytosis intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhou
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang W, Huang Q, Xiao W, Zhao Y, Pi J, Xu H, Zhao H, Xu J, Evans CE, Jin H. Advances in Anti-Tumor Treatments Targeting the CD47/SIRPα Axis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32082311 PMCID: PMC7003246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 is an immunoglobulin that is overexpressed on the surface of many types of cancer cells. CD47 forms a signaling complex with signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα), enabling the escape of these cancer cells from macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. In recent years, CD47 has been shown to be highly expressed by various types of solid tumors and to be associated with poor patient prognosis in various types of cancer. A growing number of studies have since demonstrated that inhibiting the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway promotes the adaptive immune response and enhances the phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages. Improved understanding in this field of research could lead to the development of novel and effective anti-tumor treatments that act through the inhibition of CD47 signaling in cancer cells. In this review, we describe the structure and function of CD47, provide an overview of studies that have aimed to inhibit CD47-dependent avoidance of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis by tumor cells, and assess the potential and challenges for targeting the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway in anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Marine Medical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Marine Medical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Colin E Evans
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hua Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The Scientific Research Center of Dongguan, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Marine Medical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lian S, Xie X, Lu Y, Jia L. Checkpoint CD47 Function On Tumor Metastasis And Immune Therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9105-9114. [PMID: 31806995 PMCID: PMC6839575 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s220196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy on recognition checkpoints for killing cancer cells has raised a great interest of scientists in understanding new and old methods of immunotherapeutic. CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) is a cell surface glycoprotein and widely expressed on cells, which belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily as a cell membrane receptor which serves in immune therapy. CD47 is an inhibitory receptor expressed on tumor cell surface and interacts with signal receptor protein-alpha (SIPR-α, also named CD172a or SHPS-1) which may escape from immune cells such as macrophage and T cells. Meanwhile, tumor cells express high CD47 protein which may secrete exosomes with high CD47 expression. The high CD47 expression-exosomes could serve the tumor metastasis process and provide transfer convenience for tumors on the microenvironment. CD47 on cancer cells can also affect the migration and invasion of cells. The high CD47 expression on tumor or CTC (circulating tumor cell) surface means the stronger migration and invasion and makes them escape from immune cells for phagocytosis such as T cells, NK (natural killer) cells and macrophage, which could be used for diagnosis and prognosis on cancer patients. Meanwhile, targeting CD47 combined with other biomarkers such as EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), CD44, etc on cancer surface could be used to isolate CTCs from patients' blood. In terms of treatment, anti-CD47 antibody combined with another antibody such as anti-PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) antibody or drugs such as rituximab, DOX or oxaliplatin also has better therapeutic effects and antitumor function to tumors. Using nanomaterials as an intermediary for CD47-related immune therapy could greatly increase the therapeutic effect and overcome multiple biological barriers for anti-CD47 antibody in vivo. In this review, we discuss the important role and the function of CD47 in tumor metastasis and also provide a reference for related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lian
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Marine Drug R&D Center, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Marine Drug R&D Center, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zutshi S, Kumar S, Chauhan P, Bansode Y, Nair A, Roy S, Sarkar A, Saha B. Anti-Leishmanial Vaccines: Assumptions, Approaches, and Annulments. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040156. [PMID: 31635276 PMCID: PMC6963565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected protozoan parasitic disease that occurs in 88 countries but a vaccine is unavailable. Vaccination with live, killed, attenuated (physically or genetically) Leishmania have met with limited success, while peptide-, protein-, or DNA-based vaccines showed promise only in animal models. Here, we critically assess several technical issues in vaccination and expectation of a host-protective immune response. Several studies showed that antigen presentation during priming and triggering of the same cells in infected condition are not comparable. Altered proteolytic processing, antigen presentation, protease-susceptible sites, and intracellular expression of pathogenic proteins during Leishmania infection may vary dominant epitope selection, MHC-II/peptide affinity, and may deter the reactivation of desired antigen-specific T cells generated during priming. The robustness of the memory T cells and their functions remains a concern. Presentation of the antigens by Leishmania-infected macrophages to antigen-specific memory T cells may lead to change in the T cells' functional phenotype or anergy or apoptosis. Although cells may be activated, the peptides generated during infection may be different and cross-reactive to the priming peptides. Such altered peptide ligands may lead to suppression of otherwise active antigen-specific T cells. We critically assess these different immunological issues that led to the non-availability of a vaccine for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Yashwant Bansode
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, India.
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
| |
Collapse
|