1
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Tarannum N, Pooja K. Recent trends and applications in the research and development activities of redispersible powder: a vision of twenty-first century. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Teoh XY, Zhang B, Belton P, Chan SY, Qi S. The Effects of Solid Particle Containing Inks on the Printing Quality of Porous Pharmaceutical Structures Fabricated by 3D Semi-Solid Extrusion Printing. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1267-1279. [PMID: 35661083 PMCID: PMC9197916 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing has potential pharmaceutical applications for producing personalised medicine. However, the effects of ink properties and drug incorporation on the quality of printed medication have not been thoroughly studied, particularly for porous geometries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the presence of solid drug particles in SSE inks on the printing quality of porous structures. Method The rheological behaviour of model inks of paracetamol (PCM)-hypromellose (HPMC) with different drug loadings were investigated and correlated to their printing qualities. Results For the inks with PCM loading above the drug solubility in which suspended solid drug particulates were present, the results confirmed that PCM loading and particle size significantly affected the ink viscosities at a low shear rate. At a low shear rate, the highest viscosity was identified when the highest drug loading and the smallest PCM particles were incorporated into the inks. However, the results indicated that the SSE printing parameters and printing quality of porous structures (with less porous structural deformation) have no clear correlation with the shear viscosity data, but a strong correlation with the dynamic oscillatory rheology of the inks. Conclusion The key rheological parameters including storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of the ink increased with increasing drug loading for the inks containing solid drug particles. However, decreasing the particle size did not have a clear effect on the oscillatory rheology of the inks which can be potentially used for optimising the SSE 3D printing quality of porous geometries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03299-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Siok-Yee Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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3
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Cobaj A, Hu Y, Soucek MD. Effect of Incorporating a Diurethane Monomethacrylate Monomer into Acrylic Latexes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Cobaj
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yongan Hu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mark D. Soucek
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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4
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Martins TD, Ribeiro T, Farinha JPS. Overview of Silica-Polymer Nanostructures for Waterborne High-Performance Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1003. [PMID: 33805231 PMCID: PMC8037112 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining organic and inorganic components at a nanoscale is an effective way to obtain high performance coating materials with excellent chemical and physical properties. This review focuses on recent approaches to prepare hybrid nanostructured waterborne coating materials combining the mechanical properties and versatility of silica as the inorganic filler, with the flexural properties and ease of processing of the polymer matrix. We cover silica-polymer coupling agents used to link the organic and inorganic components, the formation of hybrid films from these silica-polymer nanostructures, and their different applications. These hybrid nanostructures can be used to prepare high performance functional coatings with different properties from optical transparency, to resistance to temperature, hydrophobicity, anti-corrosion, resistance to scratch, and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Paulo S. Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.M.); (T.R.)
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5
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Jansen D, Ectors D, Kong X, Schmidtke C, Deschner F, Pakusch J, Jahns E, Neubauer J. Synchronous Monitoring of Cement Hydration and Polymer Film Formation Using 1H-Time-Domain-NMR with T 2 Time-Weighted T 1 Time Evaluation: A Nondestructive Practicable Benchtop Method. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7499-7511. [PMID: 33778262 PMCID: PMC7992089 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between latex and cement are still not completely understood. In this work, we would like to address the temporal changes in cement hardening and latex film formation. For this reason, the hydration process and the film formation were simultaneously monitored. This scientific issue is even more challenging as a nondestructive quantitative analysis of the film formation process is not available yet. Here, we report on simultaneous monitoring of the latex film formation and the phase development in cementitious systems via 1H-time-domain-NMR for the first time. The obtained results were validated using classical analytical methods, such as in situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence (Rietveld analysis), and confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jansen
- Mineralogy, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominique Ectors
- Mineralogy, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiangming Kong
- Department
of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Schmidtke
- BASF
Construction Additives, Dr.-Albert-Frank-Strasse 32, 83308 Trostberg, Germany
| | - Florian Deschner
- BASF
Construction Additives, Dr.-Albert-Frank-Strasse 32, 83308 Trostberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Pakusch
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen
am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Jahns
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse
38, 67056 Ludwigshafen
am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jürgen Neubauer
- Mineralogy, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Schlossgarten 5a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Cobaj A, Mehr HS, Hu Y, Soucek MD. The influence of a non-isocyanate urethane monomer in the film formation and mechanical properties of homogeneous and core-shell latexes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Jiang J, Shen Y, Yu D, Yang T, Wu M, Yang L, Petru M. Porous Film Coating Enabled by Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) for Enhanced Air Permeability of Fabrics: The Effect of PVP Molecule Weight and Dosage. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2961. [PMID: 33322455 PMCID: PMC7763011 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a versatile and facile method for creating pores and tuning the porous structure in the polymer latex films by selectively etching the added functional polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) molecules. The pore formed in the latex films had a similar morphology to that of PVP aggregation before etching. This observation promotes us to regulate the pore morphology that determines the film's property, such as air permeability through varying the PVP molecule weight and dosage. To this end, the effects of PVP molecule weight and dosage on the pore formation were systematically studied. The results showed that the average pore size of porous film decreased from >10 μm to sub-micron (about 0.4 μm) as the molecular weight or the dosage of PVP increased. This was ascribed to the strong adsorption affinity of PVP molecule onto the latex particle surface, which further hindered the diffusion and self-assembly of PVP molecule. In addition, this interaction became much stronger when the higher molecule weight of PVP or the higher dosage of PVP was employed, leading to the decreased size of PVP aggregation, as well as the formed pores in the latex films. Furthermore, the addition of PVP had little effect on the color of coated fabric based on the results of CIE L*a*b* measurement. The proposed facile method can be used to improve the air permeability of coated fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantang Jiang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.J.); (Y.S.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yifeng Shen
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.J.); (Y.S.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Deyou Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.J.); (Y.S.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (T.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Minghua Wu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.J.); (Y.S.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.J.); (Y.S.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Michal Petru
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (T.Y.); (M.P.)
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8
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Börnhorst T, Frankenhauser L, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Drying kinetic measurements of polymer nanolayers – Experimental results with a model-based validation and interpretation of solvent diffusion. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Schulz M, Keddie JL. A critical and quantitative review of the stratification of particles during the drying of colloidal films. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6181-6197. [PMID: 30024010 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For a wide range of applications, films are deposited from colloidal particles suspended in a volatile liquid. There is burgeoning interest in stratifying colloidal particles into separate layers within the final dry film to impart properties at the surface different to the interior. Here, we outline the mechanisms by which colloidal mixtures can stratify during the drying process. The problem is considered here as a three-way competition between evaporation of the continuous liquid, sedimentation of particles, and their Brownian diffusion. In particle mixtures, the sedimentation of larger or denser particles offers one means of stratification. When the rate of evaporation is fast relative to diffusion, binary mixtures of large and small particles can stratify with small particles on the top, according to physical models and computer simulations. We compare experimental results found in the scientific literature to the predictions of several recent models in a quantitative way. Although there is not perfect agreement between them, some general trends emerge in the experiments, simulations and models. The stratification of small particles on the top of a film is favoured when the colloidal suspension is dilute but when both the concentration of the small particles and the solvent evaporation rate are sufficiently high. A higher particle size ratio also favours stratification by size. This review points to ways that microstructures can be designed and controlled in colloidal materials to achieve desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schulz
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, England, UK.
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10
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Lade RK, Jochem KS, Macosko CW, Francis LF. Capillary Coatings: Flow and Drying Dynamics in Open Microchannels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7624-7639. [PMID: 29787270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary flow and drying of polymer solutions in open microchannels are explored over time scales spanning seven orders of magnitude: from capillary filling (10-3-10 s) to the formation of a dry thin film (a "capillary coating"; 102-103 s). During capillary filling, drying-induced changes (increased solids content and viscosity) generate microscale pinning events that impede contact line motion. Three unique types of pinning are identified and characterized, each defined by the specific location(s) along the contact line at which pinning is induced. Drying is shown to ultimately pin the contact line permanently, and the associated total flow distances and times are revealed to be strong functions of channel width and drying rate. In general, lower drying rates coupled with intermediate channel widths are found to be most conducive to longer flow distances and times. After the advancing contact line permanently pins, internal flows driven by uneven evaporation rates continue to drive polymer to the contact line. This phenomenon promotes a local accumulation of solids and persists until all motion is arrested by drying. The effects of channel width and drying rate are investigated at each stage of this capillary coating process. These results are then applied to case studies of two functional inks commonly used in printed electronics fabrication: a PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)) ink and a graphene ink. Although drying is shown to permanently arrest flow in both inks, both systems exhibit an increased resistance to pinning unexplained by mechanisms identified in aqueous polymer systems. Instead, arguments based on chemistry, particle size, and rheology are used to explain their novel behavior. These case studies provide insight into how functional inks can be better designed to optimize flow distances and maximize overall dry film uniformity in capillary coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Lade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Krystopher S Jochem
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Christopher W Macosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Lorraine F Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , 421 Washington Avenue SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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11
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Raupp SM, Siebel DK, Kitz PG, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Interdiffusion in Polymeric Multilayer Systems Studied by Inverse Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M. Raupp
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab,
Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David K. Siebel
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul G. Kitz
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Scharfer
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab,
Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W. Schabel
- Institute
of Thermal Process Engineering, Thin Film Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Siebel D, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Prediction of diffusion in a ternary solvent-solvent-polymer blend by means of binary diffusion data: Comparison of experimental data and simulative results. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Siebel
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Philip Scharfer
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schabel
- Thin Film Technology; Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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13
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Siebel D, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Determination of Concentration-Dependent Diffusion Coefficients in Polymer–Solvent Systems: Analysis of Concentration Profiles Measured by Raman Spectroscopy during Single Drying Experiments Excluding Boundary Conditions and Phase Equilibrium. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Siebel
- Thin Film Technology, Institute
of Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philip Scharfer
- Thin Film Technology, Institute
of Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schabel
- Thin Film Technology, Institute
of Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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14
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Komoda Y, Niga K, Suzuki H. Effect of Shear Strain Applied in Coating and Colloidal Stability on the Drying Process of Latex Dispersions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.14we128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Komoda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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15
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Khosravi A, King JA, Jamieson HL, Lind ML. Latex barrier thin film formation on porous substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13994-14003. [PMID: 25347207 DOI: 10.1021/la502812d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we present the formation of thin layers of barrier polymers onto mesoporous and macroporous substrates via dip coating of latex solutions. We investigated four commercially available latex solutions: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy fluorothermoplastic (PFA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), and polyolefin-based latex (Hypod). We examined the latex film formation on porous polymeric and ceramic substrates with a broad range of pore sizes from 10 to 200 nm. Our results show that both characteristics of the latex solution [glass transition temperature (Tg), particle size, and crystallinity] and the characteristics of the porous substrate (pore size and hydrophobicity) impact the film formation. We confirmed the defect-free, barrier nature of our latex thin films through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and hydraulically driven water permeation tests. Additionally, we found that latex concentration (not dipping time) is the most important parameter determining ultimate latex film thickness. We obtained defect-free films from PVDC and Hypod, which are "soft" polymers (Tg < room temperature), on mesoporous substrates under the conditions of slow evaporation rate of the solvent from these latex solutions. PTFE and PFA, which are "hard" polymers (Tg > room temperature), did not form continuous films on porous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Khosravi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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16
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Kimber JA, Gerst M, Kazarian SG. Fast drying and film formation of latex dispersions studied with FTIR spectroscopic imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13588-13595. [PMID: 25343527 DOI: 10.1021/la5035257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drying of thin latex films (∼20 μm) at high drying speeds (of the order of seconds) has been studied by fast chemical imaging. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging combined with a fast "kinetic" mode was used to acquire spectral images without coaddition, enabling the amount of water and homogeneity of the drying film to be studied over time. Drying profiles, constructed from analyzing the water content in each image, show two stages of drying, a fast and a slow region. The formulation of latex dispersions affects the onset of slow drying and the volume fraction of water remaining at the onset of slow drying. In this work, the effect of physical properties, film thickness and glass transition temperature (Tg), were investigated, as well as the effect of monomer composition where two monomoers, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, and the amount of hydrophilic comonomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), were varied. It was found that thicker films produced slower overall drying and that the formulation with a Tg above the minimum film formation temperature did not dry evenly, exhibiting cracking. However, the drying kinetics of high and low Tg films were similar, highlighting the advantage of using a spatially-resolved spectroscopic approach. Formulations containing more MMA dried faster than those with less. This was due to the hydrophilicity of MMA and the increase in Tg of the dispersion from the addition of MMA. Overall, FTIR spectroscopic imaging was shown to be a suitable approach in measuring film drying at high speeds as both chemical changes and chemical distribution could be analyzed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Kimber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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17
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van Mechelen JLM. Dynamics of the stratification process in drying colloidal dispersions studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12748-12754. [PMID: 25300667 DOI: 10.1021/la503322v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present an optical study that reveals the bulk dynamics of the stratification process in drying colloidal dispersions. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy has been used to measure in situ solventborne and waterborne paint layers as a function of drying time. The dynamic behavior of the dry top layer and wet bottom layer thickness, as well as the bulk thickness, reflect the principal processes of the established drying mechanism. In addition, the results demonstrate stratification only when the drying process is in the evaporation controlled regime, whereas the coating is shown to remain a single layer for diffusion controlled drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L M van Mechelen
- ABB Corporate Research , Segelhofstrasse 1K, 5405 Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland
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18
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Nijdam J, Trouillet V, Kachel S, Scharfer P, Schabel W, Kind M. Coat formation of surface-active proteins on aqueous surfaces during drying. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:53-60. [PMID: 25262408 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Segregation of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lactose in thin aqueous films during drying was investigated by examining the composition of the dried films using inverse micro Raman spectroscopy (IMRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) sputter-depth profiling. The composition was uniform through the thickness of the dried films except within a 10nm region at the exposed surface where BSA had accumulated, most likely due to its surface activity. The thickness of the BSA layer was similar to the diameter of a BSA molecule, which suggests that a single monolayer of BSA adsorbed at the exposed surface. The BSA surface concentration of the dried films was constant over a wide range of BSA bulk concentrations, indicating that the aqueous surface became saturated with BSA during drying. The BSA surface layer of order 10nm was significantly thinner than the film thickness of order 10 μm, which implies that BSA formed a surface coating rather than a shell, and thus lent no structural rigidity to the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nijdam
- Chemical and Process Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - V Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Kachel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Scharfer
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Schabel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kind
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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19
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Jo BW, Ahn KH, Lee SJ. Effect of thermal history during drying and curing process on the chain orientation of rod-shaped polyimide. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Jo BW, Ahn KH. The effect of film thickness on the depth-wise chain orientation of rod-shaped polyimide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Wook Jo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
- SK Innovation Global Technology, Ltd.; Daejeon 305-712 Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
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21
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Routh AF. Drying of thin colloidal films. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:046603. [PMID: 23502077 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/4/046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When thin films of colloidal fluids are dried, a range of transitions are observed and the final film profile is found to depend on the processes that occur during the drying step. This article describes the drying process, initially concentrating on the various transitions. Particles are seen to initially consolidate at the edge of a drying droplet, the so-called coffee-ring effect. Flow is seen to be from the centre of the drop towards the edge and a front of close-packed particles passes horizontally across the film. Just behind the particle front the now solid film often displays cracks and finally the film is observed to de-wet. These various transitions are explained, with particular reference to the capillary pressure which forms in the solidified region of the film. The reasons for cracking in thin films is explored as well as various methods to minimize its effect. Methods to obtain stratified coatings through a single application are considered for a one-dimensional drying problem and this is then extended to two-dimensional films. Different evaporative models are described, including the physical reason for enhanced evaporation at the edge of droplets. The various scenarios when evaporation is found to be uniform across a drying film are then explained. Finally different experimental techniques for examining the drying step are mentioned and the article ends with suggested areas that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Routh
- BP Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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22
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Price KK, McCormick AV, Francis LF. CryoSEM investigation of latex coatings dried in walled substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:10329-10333. [PMID: 22741560 DOI: 10.1021/la302317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonuniformities, such as heavy edges or "coffee rings", frequently develop as particulate coatings dry. One idea for avoiding these nonuniformities is to engineer the substrate edges. In this work, monodisperse latex coatings were deposited on substrates with photoresist walls around their edges. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM) results show particle accumulation near the walls and at the free surface. The contact line, pinned at the wall, generates lateral transport of water and particles, leading to a nonuniform coating thickness. Still, coatings on substrates with walls were shown to have a higher degree of thickness uniformity after drying than those without walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Price
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Water sorption in semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes: In situ characterisation of solvent-induced structural rearrangements. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Shimokawa Y, Kajiya T, Sakai K, Doi M. Measurement of the skin layer in the drying process of a polymer solution. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:051803. [PMID: 22181435 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
When a polymer solution is dried in air, a polymer-concentrated region, called a "skin" layer, often appears near the surface. In this paper, an experimental method is proposed for detecting the initial process of the formation of the skin layer. An electric field is applied on the surface of polymer solutions by a wedge-type "electric field tweezers," and the dynamic response of the surface profile is measured by an optical lever technique. Our experiments and theory indicate that when a skin layer is formed, (i) the slow relaxation process appears in the time domain and (ii) the long-persisting dip region appears in the surface profile. A parameter to quantify the difference of the surface response is proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimokawa
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Besteti MD, Freire DMG, Pinto JC. Production of Core-shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Schroeder WF, Liu Y, Tomba JP, Soleimani M, Lau W, Winnik MA. Effect of a coalescing aid on the earliest stages of polymer diffusion in poly(butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) latex films. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Buss F, Roberts CC, Crawford KS, Peters K, Francis LF. Effect of soluble polymer binder on particle distribution in a drying particulate coating. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 359:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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29
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Diffusion of poly(ethylene glycol) and ectoine in NIPAAm hydrogels with confocal Raman spectroscopy. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Mueller F, Heuwers B, Katzenberg F, Tiller JC, Sadowski G. Tensile Creep Measurements of Glassy VOC-Loaded Polymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mueller
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Heuwers
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials & Polymer Sciences, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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31
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Arnold C, Thalmann F, Marques C, Marie P, Holl Y. Surfactant Distribution in Waterborne Acrylic Films. 1. Bulk Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9135-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp103347n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Arnold
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Carlos Marques
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Pascal Marie
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Yves Holl
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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32
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Schroeder WF, Liu Y, Tomba JP, Soleimani M, Lau W, Winnik MA. Influence of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol on Polymer Diffusion in Poly(butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Latex Films. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3085-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter F. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Yuanqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - J. Pablo Tomba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mohsen Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Willie Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto Ontario, M5S 3E5 Canada, and Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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33
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Yamamura M, Ono H, Uchinomiya T, Mawatari Y, Kage H. Suppressed Cracking in Drying Nanoparticle-Polymer Coatings at High Peclet Numbers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2010. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.08we295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | - Hiromi Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Kage
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu Institute of Technology
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34
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Raja TN, Brouwer AM, Biemans K, Nabuurs T, Tennebroek R. Detection of coalescing agents in water-borne latex emulsions using an environment sensitive fluorescent probe. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:975-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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36
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Allanic N, Salagnac P, Glouannec P, Guerrier B. Estimation of an effective water diffusion coefficient during infrared-convective drying of a polymer solution. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Water sorption in physically crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes: An experimental investigation of Schroeder's paradox. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Zheng R. A study of the evaporative deposition process: pipes and truncated transport dynamics. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2009; 29:205-218. [PMID: 19544077 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2009-10469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We consider contact line deposition of an evaporating thin drop. Following Dupont's proposal (unpublished), we focus on transport dynamics truncated by a maximal concentration as the single deposition mechanism. The truncated transport process, formalized as the "pipe model", admits a characteristic shock front that has a robust functional form and depends only on local hydrodynamic properties. By applying the pipe model, we solve the density profile in different asymptotic regimes. In particular, we find that near the contact line the density profile follows a scaling law that is proportional to the square root of the concentration ratio defined as the initial solute volume concentration divided by the maximal concentration. The maximal deposit density occurs at about 2/3 of the total drying time for uniform evaporation and 1/2 for diffusion-controlled evaporation. Away from the contact line, areal density decays exponentially with the radial distance to the power of -3 for the uniform evaporation and -7 for the diffusion-controlled evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zheng
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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39
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König AM, Weerakkody TG, Keddie JL, Johannsmann D. Heterogeneous drying of colloidal polymer films: dependence on added salt. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7580-7589. [PMID: 18563885 DOI: 10.1021/la800525n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using magnetic resonance profiling coupled with dynamic light scattering, we have investigated the mechanisms leading to the formation of a partly coalesced surface layer, or "open skin", during film formation from waterborne polymer dispersions. We present the first use of the skewness of the distribution of free water as a model-free indicator of the spatial nonuniformity of drying. The skewness reaches a maximum at the same time at which a strong, static component, presumably originating from a skin at the film/air interface, appears in the light scattering data. Addition of salt to the dispersion increases both the skewness of the distribution of free water and the propensity for skin formation. Surprisingly, the drying is influenced not only by the concentration and valency of the ions in the salt but also by the particular ion. At intermediate particle densities, added salt strongly lowers the cooperative diffusion coefficient, Dcoop. When the particles reach close packing, Dcoop sharply increases. If the particles readily coalesce, the effects of the increased diffusivity will be counteracted, thereby inducing the formation of a skin. A modified Peclet number, Pe, using Dcoop, is proposed, so that the presence of salt is explicitly considered. This modified Pe is able to predict the nonuniformity in drying that leads to skin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M König
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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40
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Brouwer AM, Raja TN, Biemans K, Nabuurs T, Tennebroek R. Probing of Cosolvents in Polymer Latex Materials by Using Solvatochromic Fluorescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1130:157-63. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1430.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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