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Min Oo Y, Somnuk K. Investigation of free fatty acid reduction from mixed crude palm oil using 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation: An experimental study of geometric characteristics of the inner hole. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106472. [PMID: 37348259 PMCID: PMC10314289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
A continuous esterification process is employed to decrease the free fatty acid (FFA) concentration of FFA-rich mixed crude palm oil. Both optimal and recommended conditions are determined for the esterification reaction conditions and the geometry of the 3D-printed rotor design in the rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. This study is primarily concerned with the effect of the cavitation device configuration, especially the rotor design, on FFA reduction. Instead of conventional spherical or cylindrical drilled holes, a point angle cone-shaped hole is used to create cavities over the rotor surface. These point angles are adjusted to clarify their effect on FFA reduction. The response surface methodology is applied to determine the optimal concentrations of methanol and sulfuric acid, rotor speed, hole diameter and depth, and cone point angle. The recommended conditions are 20.8 wt% methanol, 2.6 wt% sulfuric acid, 3000 rpm, 5 mm hole diameter, 5 mm hole depth, and 110°, respectively. Under this configuration, the FFA content is reduced from 12.014 wt% to around 1 wt%. A maximum yield of 97.34 vol% esterified oil is obtained through a completed phase separation step, and 93.31 vol% pure oil is collected after the cleansing step. The recommended conditions result in reduced chemical usage, cheaper FFA reduction, and lower environmental impact. This creative rotor design effectively improves our understanding of the geometry of the cavitation device, thus enhancing the cavitation effect in industrial operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Min Oo
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krit Somnuk
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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2
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Matman N, Min Oo Y, Amnuaikit T, Somnuk K. Continuous production of nanoemulsion for skincare product using a 3D-printed rotor-stator hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105926. [PMID: 35091233 PMCID: PMC8800138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nanoemulsions for skincare products were continuously produced using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (HCR) designed with a rotor and stator. The key component of this research is the utilization of a 3D-printed rotor in a HCR for the production of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. Response surface methodology was used to determine the process conditions, such as speed of the rotor, flow rate, as well as, Span60, Tween60, and mineral oil concentrations, for generating the optimal droplet size in the nanoemulsion. The results showed that a droplet size of 366.4 nm was achieved under the recommended conditions of rotor speed of 3500 rpm, flow rate of 3.3 L/h, Span60 concentration of 2.36 wt%, Tween60 concentration of 3.00 wt%, and mineral oil concentration of 1.76 wt%. Moreover, the important characteristics for consideration in skincare products, such as polydispersity index, pH, zeta potential, viscosity, stability, and niacin released from formulations, were also assessed. For the niacin release profile of emulsion and nanoemulsion formulations, different methods, such as magnetic stirring, ultrasound, and hydrodynamic cavitation, were compared. The nanoemulsion formulations provided a greater cumulative release from the formulation than the emulsion. Particularly, the nanoemulsion generated using the HCR provided the largest cumulative release from the formulation after 12 h. Therefore, the present study suggests that nanoemulsions can be created by means of hydrodynamic cavitation, which reduces the droplet size, as compared to that generated using other techniques. The satisfactory results of this study indicate that the rotor-stator-type HCR is a potentially cost-effective technology for nanoemulsion production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichagan Matman
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Ye Min Oo
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Amnuaikit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krit Somnuk
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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Mancuso G, Langone M, Andreottola G. A critical review of the current technologies in wastewater treatment plants by using hydrodynamic cavitation process: principles and applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:311-333. [PMID: 32399243 PMCID: PMC7203374 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was increasingly used in the field of wastewater treatment. Due to its oxidative capability, HC was applied to treat aqueous effluents polluted by organic, toxic and bio-refractory contaminants, whereas its mechanical and chemical effects have allowed to disintegrate cells of microorganisms in biological applications. Due to their geometries, HC can be detected in some reactors, in which a variation of hydraulic parameters in the fluid such as flow pressure and flow velocity is induced. HC process involves the formation, growth, implosion and subsequent collapse of cavities, occurring in a very short period of time and releasing large magnitudes of power. In this paper, the vast literature on HC is critically reviewed, focusing on the basic principles behind it, in terms of process definition and analysis of governing mechanisms of both HC generation and pollutants degradation. The influence of various parameters on HC effectiveness was assessed, considering fluid properties, construction features of HC devices and technological aspects of processes. The synergetic effect of HC combined with chemicals or other techniques was discussed. An overview of the main devices used for HC generation and different existing methods to evaluate the cavitation effectiveness was provided. Knowledge buildup and optimization for such complex systems from mathematical modeling was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Langone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Gianni Andreottola
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Dastane GG, Thakkar H, Shah R, Perala S, Raut J, Pandit A. Single and multiphase CFD simulations for designing cavitating venturi. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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George SD, Chidangil S, Mathur D. Minireview: Laser-Induced Formation of Microbubbles-Biomedical Implications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10139-10150. [PMID: 30441906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent work is summarized that shows how microbubbles may have potential utility in biomedical situations as (i) highly localized generators of intense white light in an aqueous environment, (ii) disruptors of matter in aqueous solution, (iii) essential precursors in laser-writing structures on substrates on which biological cells can be spatially aligned, and (iv) mediators in the fabrication of hierarchical nanostructures that enhance signals in biological Raman spectroscopy. Indeed, microbubbles generated upon laser irradiation of surfaces have many more ramifications than originally thought, with implications in the laser modification of surfaces producing either hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. Many more possibilities remain to be explored and exploited.
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Asaithambi N, Singha P, Dwivedi M, Singh SK. Hydrodynamic cavitation and its application in food and beverage industry: A review. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Singha
- Department of Food ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Madhuresh Dwivedi
- Department of Food Process EngineeringNIT Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Sushil K. Singh
- Department of Food Process EngineeringNIT Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
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Evaluation of Interfacial Heat Transfer Models for Flashing Flow with Two-Fluid CFD. FLUIDS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids3020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang M, Yuan W. Modeling bubble dynamics and radical kinetics in ultrasound induced microalgal cell disruption. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 28:7-14. [PMID: 26384877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal cell disruption induced by acoustic cavitation was simulated through solving the bubble dynamics in an acoustical field and their radial kinetics (chemical kinetics of radical species) occurring in the bubble during its oscillation, as well as calculating the bubble wall pressure at the collapse point. Modeling results indicated that increasing ultrasonic intensity led to a substantial increase in the number of bubbles formed during acoustic cavitation, however, the pressure generated when the bubbles collapsed decreased. Therefore, cumulative collapse pressure (CCP) of bubbles was used to quantify acoustic disruption of a freshwater alga, Scenedesmus dimorphus, and a marine alga, Nannochloropsis oculata and compare with experimental results. The strong correlations between CCP and the intracellular lipid fluorescence density, chlorophyll-a fluorescence density, and cell particle/debris concentration were found, which suggests that the developed models could accurately predict acoustic cell disruption, and can be utilized in the scale up and optimization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenqiao Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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Al-juboori RA, Yusaf TF. Improving the performance of ultrasonic horn reactor for deactivating microorganisms in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/36/1/012037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Masjedian Jazi A, Rahimzadeh H, Sadeqi K. Detecting incipient cavitation by assessing low frequency acceleration and analysis of CMC. ULTRASONICS 2012; 52:753-759. [PMID: 22445155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation is a common phenomenon in a fluid circuit especially wherever local pressure is lower than fluid saturated pressure. The cavitation negatively affects a fluid system and structure in different ways: i.e. erosion, flow rate reduction, noise and vibration. In order to diminish cavitation, adding some nanomaterials seem to be applicable in different ways. This research aims at assessing the effects of CMC (Carboxy methyl cellulose) additives on incipient cavitation by analyzing the resultant change in low frequency acceleration. Furthermore, this study attempts to examine the accuracy of low frequency acceleration for detecting incipient cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masjedian Jazi
- Fluid Mechanics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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11
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Kumar P, Khanna S, Moholkar VS. Flow regime maps and optimization thereby of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Bashir TA, Soni AG, Mahulkar AV, Pandit AB. The CFD driven optimisation of a modified venturi for cavitational activity. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Kumar P, Moholkar VS. Numerical Assessment of Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors Using Organic Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1025024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peeush Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039 Assam, India
| | - V. S. Moholkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039 Assam, India
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Nalajala VS, Moholkar VS. Investigations in the physical mechanism of sonocrystallization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:345-55. [PMID: 20674452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of mechanistic aspects of sonocrystallization with approach of coupling experiments with simulations of bubble dynamics. The major experimental result of our study is that, as compared to a mechanically agitated crystallization system, the dominant crystal size (or median) of the crystal size distribution (CSD) of sonocrystallization systems is smaller, but span of CSD is larger. The CSD is influenced by nucleation rate and growth rate. The nature of convection in the medium is found to be the crucial factor. In a mechanically agitated system, uniform velocity field prevails in crystallization volume, due to which both dominant crystal size and span of CSD reduce. The convection in a sonicated system is of a different kind. This convection has two components, viz. microturbulence (or micro-convection), which is continuous oscillatory motion of liquid induced by radial motion of cavitation bubble, and shock waves, which are discrete, high pressure amplitude waves emitted by the bubble. These components have different impact on crystallization process due to their nature. Shock waves increase the nucleation rate and microtubulence governs growth of the nuclei. However, the effect of shock waves is more marked than microturbulence (or micro-convection). Nucleation rate shows an order of magnitude rise with sonication, while growth rate (and hence the dominant crystal size) reduces with sonication as compared to the mechanically agitated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Swamy Nalajala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
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16
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Quan KM, Avvaru B, Pandit AB. Measurement and interpretation of cavitation noise in a hybrid hydrodynamic cavitating device. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Avvaru B, Pandit AB. Oscillating bubble concentration and its size distribution using acoustic emission spectra. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:105-15. [PMID: 18752981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
New method has been proposed for the estimation of size and number density distribution of oscillating bubbles in a sonochemical reactor using acoustic emission spectra measurements. Bubble size distribution has been determined using Minnaert's equation [M. Minnaert, On musical air bubbles and sound of running water, Philanthr. Mag. 16 (1933) 235], i.e., size of oscillating bubble is inversely related to the frequency of its volume oscillations. Decomposition of the pressure signal measured by the hydrophone in frequency domain of FFT spectrum and then inverse FFT reconstruction of the signal at each frequency level has been carried out to get the information about each of the bubble/cavity oscillation event. The number mean radius of the bubble size is calculated to be in the range of 50-80 microm and it was not found to vary much with the spatial distribution of acoustic field strength of the ultrasound processor used in the work. However, the number density of the oscillating bubbles and the nature of the distribution were found to vary in different horizontal planes away from the driving transducer surface in the ultrasonic bath. A separate set of experiments on erosion assessment studies were carried out using a thin aluminium foil, revealing a phenomena of active region of oscillating bubbles at antinodal points of the stationary waves, identical to the information provided by the acoustic emission spectra at the same location in the ultrasonic bath.
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