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Movafagh M, Meek KM, Scott AJ, Penlidis A, Dubé MA. Bulk Free Radical Terpolymerization of Butyl Acrylate, 2-Methylene-1,3-Dioxepane and Vinyl Acetate: Terpolymer Reactivity Ratio Estimation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1330. [PMID: 38794524 PMCID: PMC11125360 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This investigation introduces the first estimation of ternary reactivity ratios for a butyl acrylate (BA), 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDO), and vinyl acetate (VAc) system at 50 °C, with an aim to develop biodegradable pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, we applied the error-in-variables model (EVM) to estimate reactivity ratios. The ternary reactivity ratios were found to be r12 = 0.417, r21 = 0.071, r13 = 4.459, r31 = 0.198, r23 = 0.260, and r32 = 55.339 (BA/MDO/VAc 1/2/3), contrasting with their binary counterparts, which are significantly different, indicating the critical need for ternary system analysis to accurately model multicomponent polymerization systems. Through the application of a recast Alfrey-Goldfinger model, this investigation predicts the terpolymer's instantaneous and cumulative compositions at various conversion levels, based on the ternary reactivity ratios. These predictions not only provide crucial insights into the incorporation of MDO across different initial feed compositions but also offer estimates of the final terpolymer compositions and distributions, underscoring their potential in designing compostable or degradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Movafagh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.M.); (K.M.M.)
| | - Kelly M. Meek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.M.); (K.M.M.)
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Institute for Polymer Research (IPR), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (M.M.); (K.M.M.)
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2
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Yu H, Liu L, Yin R, Jayapurna I, Wang R, Xu T. Mapping Composition Evolution through Synthesis, Purification, and Depolymerization of Random Heteropolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6178-6188. [PMID: 38387070 PMCID: PMC10921401 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Random heteropolymers (RHPs) consisting of three or more comonomers have been routinely used to synthesize functional materials. While increasing the monomer variety diversifies the side-chain chemistry, this substantially expands the sequence space and leads to ensemble-level sequence heterogeneity. Most studies have relied on monomer composition and simulated sequences to design RHPs, but the questions remain unanswered regarding heterogeneities within each RHP ensemble and how closely these simulated sequences reflect the experimental outcomes. Here, we quantitatively mapped out the evolution of monomer compositions in four-monomer-based RHPs throughout a design-synthesis-purification-depolymerization process. By adopting a Jaacks method, we first determined 12 reactivity ratios directly from quaternary methacrylate RAFT copolymerization experiments to account for the influences of competitive monomer addition and the reversible activation/deactivation equilibria. The reliability of in silico analysis was affirmed by a quantitative agreement (<4% difference) between the simulated RHP compositions and the experimental results. Furthermore, we mapped out the conformation distribution within each ensemble in different solvents as a function of monomer chemistry, composition, and segmental characteristics via high-throughput computation based on self-consistent field theory (SCFT). These comprehensive studies confirmed monomer composition as a viable design parameter to engineer RHP-based functional materials as long as the reactivity ratios are accurately determined and the livingness of RHP synthesis is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luofu Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruilin Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan Jayapurna
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- California
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Departent
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Abdi K, McAuley KB. Estimation of Output Measurement Variances for
EVM
Parameter Estimation. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Abdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
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Mu G, Genzer J, Gorman CB. Degradable Anti-Biofouling Polyester Coatings with Controllable Lifetimes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1488-1496. [PMID: 35050633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To achieve degradable, anti-biofouling coatings with longer lifetimes and better mechanical properties, we synthesized a series of degradable co-polyesters composed of cyclic ketene acetals, di-(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, and a photoactive curing agent, 4-benzoylphenyl methacrylate, using a radical ring-opening polymerization. The precursor co-polyesters were spin-coated on a benzophenone-functionalized silicon wafer to form ca. 60 nm films and drop-casted on glass to form ∼32 μm films. The copolymers were cross-linked via UV irradiation at 365 nm. The degradation of films was studied by immersing the specimens in aqueous buffers of different pH values. The results show that both the pH of buffer solutions and gel fractions of networks affect the degradation rate. The coatings show good bovine serum albumin resistance capability. By adjusting the fractions of monomers, the degradation rate and degree of hydration (e.g., swelling ratio) are controllable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Christopher B Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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5
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Zhang YJ, Guo XT, Wang CH, Lu XA, Wu DF, Zhang M. Gadolinium- and lead-containing functional terpolymers for low energy X-ray protection. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Scott AJ, Penlidis A. Design of polymeric materials: Experiences and prescriptions. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Scott
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Institute for Polymer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
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Abstract
Polymer flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique; sweeping a reservoir with a dilute polymer solution can significantly improve the overall oil recovery. In this overview, polymeric materials for enhanced oil recovery are described in general terms, with specific emphasis on desirable characteristics for the application. Application-specific properties should be considered when selecting or developing polymers for enhanced oil recovery and should be carefully evaluated. Characterization techniques should be informed by current best practices; several are described herein. Evaluation of fundamental polymer properties (including polymer composition, microstructure, and molecular weight averages); resistance to shear/thermal/chemical degradation; and salinity/hardness compatibility are discussed. Finally, evaluation techniques to establish the polymer flooding performance of candidate EOR materials are described.
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8
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Scott AJ, Duever TA, Penlidis A. The role of pH, ionic strength and monomer concentration on the terpolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, acrylamide and acrylic acid. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Making the Most of Parameter Estimation: Terpolymerization Troubleshooting Tips. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-component polymers can provide many advantages over their homopolymer counterparts. Terpolymers are formed from the combination of three unique monomers, thus creating a new material that will exhibit desirable properties based on all three of the original comonomers. To ensure that all three comonomers are incorporated (and to understand and/or predict the degree of incorporation of each comonomer), accurate reactivity ratios are vital. In this study, five terpolymerization studies from the literature are revisited and the ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are re-estimated. Some recent studies have shown that binary reactivity ratios (that is, from the related copolymer systems) do not always apply to ternary systems. In other reports, binary reactivity ratios are in good agreement with terpolymer data. This investigation allows for the comparison between previously determined binary reactivity ratios and newly estimated ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios for several systems. In some of the case studies presented herein, reactivity ratio estimation directly from terpolymerization data is limited by composition restrictions or ill-conditioned systems. In other cases, we observe similar or improved prediction performance (for ternary systems) when ‘ternary’ reactivity ratios are estimated directly from terpolymerization data (compared to the traditionally used binary reactivity ratios). In order to demonstrate the advantages and challenges associated with ‘ternary’ reactivity ratio estimation, five case studies are presented (with examples and counter-examples) and troubleshooting suggestions are provided to inform future work.
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Yousefi FK, Jannesari A, Pazokifard S, Saeb MR, Scott AJ, Penlidis A. Terpolymerization of Triisopropylsilyl Acrylate, Methyl Methacrylate, and Butyl Acrylate: Reactivity Ratio Estimation. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh K. Yousefi
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology P.O. Box 654‐16765 1668836471 Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Jannesari
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology P.O. Box 654‐16765 1668836471 Tehran Iran
| | - Shahla Pazokifard
- Color and Surface Coatings DepartmentIran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute P.O. Box 112/14975 1497713115 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology P.O. Box 654‐16765 1668836471 Tehran Iran
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstitute for Polymer Research (IPR)University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstitute for Polymer Research (IPR)University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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11
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Scott AJ, Penlidis A. Binary vs. ternary reactivity ratios: Appropriate estimation procedures with terpolymerization data. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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AMPS/AAm/AAc Terpolymerization: Experimental Verification of the EVM Framework for Ternary Reactivity Ratio Estimation. Processes (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/pr5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Faraguna F, Vidović E, Jukić A. Reactivity ratios and copolymer properties of 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate and styrene. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Faraguna
- University of Zagreb; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; PO Box 177 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Elvira Vidović
- University of Zagreb; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; PO Box 177 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ante Jukić
- University of Zagreb; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; PO Box 177 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
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14
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Kazemi N, Duever TA, Penlidis A. Design of Optimal Experiments for Terpolymerization Reactivity Ratio Estimation. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201400048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niousha Kazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Institute for Polymer Research (IPR); University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Thomas A. Duever
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Institute for Polymer Research (IPR); University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Alexander Penlidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Institute for Polymer Research (IPR); University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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