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Pach A, Szot A, Fitzner K, Luty-Błocho M. Opportunities and Challenges in the Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles via the Chemical Route in Microreactor Systems. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1119. [PMID: 39337779 PMCID: PMC11434062 DOI: 10.3390/mi15091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The process of noble metal nanoparticle synthesis is complex and consists of at least two steps: slow nucleation and fast autocatalytic growth. The kinetics of these two processes depends on the reductant "power" and the addition of stabilizers, as well as other factors (e.g., temperature, pH, ionic strength). Knowing these parameters, it is possible to synthesize materials with appropriate physicochemical properties, which can be simply adjusted by the type of the used metal, particle morphology and surface property. This, in turn, affects the possibility of their applications in various areas of life, including medicine, catalysis, engineering, fuel cells, etc. However, in some cases, the standard route, i.e., the chemical reduction of a metal precursor carried out in the batch reactor, is not sufficient due to problems with temperature control, properties of reagents, unstable or dangerous intermediates and products, etc. Therefore, in this review, we focused on an alternative approach to their chemical synthesis provided by microreactor systems. The use of microreactors for the synthesis of noble metal nanomaterials (e.g., Ag, Au, Pt, Pd), obtained by chemical reduction, is analyzed, taking into account investigations carried out in recent years. A particular emphasis is placed on the processes in which the use of microreactors removed the limitations associated with synthesis in a batch reactor. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges related to the synthesis of noble nanomaterials in the microreactor system are underlined. This review discusses the advantages as well as the problems of nanoparticle synthesis in microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Luty-Błocho
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (A.S.); (K.F.)
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2
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Besenhard MO, Pal S, Gkogkos G, Gavriilidis A. Non-fouling flow reactors for nanomaterial synthesis. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a holistic description of flow reactor fouling for wet-chemical nanomaterial syntheses. Fouling origins and consequences are discussed together with the variety of flow reactors for its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayan Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Georgios Gkogkos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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3
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Basnayake Pussepitiyalage V, Hemmati S. Sustainable, Green, and Continuous Synthesis of Fivefold Palladium Nanorods Using l-Ascorbic Acid in a Segmented Millifluidic Flow Reactor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4200-4212. [PMID: 35352559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pd nanorods (PdNRs) have recently come to attention due to their wide array of applications. The green synthesis of PdNR with a relatively high yield and high aspect ratio is challenging. A continuous millifluidic flow reactor (CMFR) has been explored to precisely control mass and heat transfer as well as mixing in the PdNR synthesis processes. CMFRs demonstrate a few drawbacks, such as the presence of parabolic velocity profile in the laminar flow of the reaction solution, causing uneven axial residence time distribution. The CMFRs are likely to show irreversible fouling, which may cause the product quality to deteriorate or result in the channel being clogged. These shortcomings can be avoided or minimized using a segmented millifluidic flow reactor (SMFR) that consists of the solution forming a train of individual segments in another inert medium. This study explores the use of a sustainable reducing agent (l-ascorbic acid) in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr) as the capping agent and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as the stabilizing agent for PdNR synthesis in an SMFR employing compartmentalized flow of a reaction solution, in which liquid segments consisting of a reaction solution will be immersed in the steam generated by boiling of the solvent water. The effect of reaction parameters such as reagent concentration has been studied on the size and morphology of synthesized Pd nanostructures. A kinetic study has been conducted to calculate the rate of reduction that can be used as a quantitative measure for manipulation of the type and relative concentration of initially formed seeds. It has been shown that the initial reduction rate during the first 45 min of residence time of the millifluidic reactor is about 66% faster compared to the rest of the reaction. A filtration procedure has been utilized to separate Pd nanostructures other than nanorods synthesized in the SMFR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shohreh Hemmati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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4
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Continuous synthesis of TiO2-supported noble metal nanoparticles and their application in ammonia borane hydrolysis. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Sebastian V. Toward continuous production of high-quality nanomaterials using microfluidics: nanoengineering the shape, structure and chemical composition. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4411-4447. [PMID: 35274121 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a multitude of synthesis strategies has been reported for the production of high-quality nanoparticles. Wet-chemical methods are generally the most efficient synthesis procedures since high control of crystallinity and physicochemical properties can be achieved. However, a number of challenges remain from inadequate reaction control during the nanocrystallization process; specifically variability, selectivity, scalability and safety. These shortcomings complicate the synthesis, make it difficult to obtain a uniform product with desired properties, and present serious limitations for scaling the production of colloidal nanocrystals from academic studies to industrial applications. Continuous flow reactors based on microfluidic principles offer potential solutions and advantages. The reproducibility of reaction conditions in microfluidics and therefore product quality have proved to exceed those obtained by batch processing. Considering that in nanoparticles' production not only is it crucial to control the particle size distribution, but also the shape and chemical composition, this review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in synthesis of anisotropic and faceted nanostructures by using microfluidics techniques. The review surveys the available tools that enable shape and chemical control, including secondary growth methods, active segmented flow, and photoinduced shape conversion. In addition, emphasis is placed on the available approaches developed to tune the structure and chemical composition of nanomaterials in order to produce complex heterostructures in a continuous and reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University de Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Tuning the morphology of bimetallic gold-platinum nanorods in a microflow synthesis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Klement T, Hanf S, Wolff F, Kockmann N, Schunk SA, Röder T. Oscillating droplet reactor – towards kinetic investigations in heterogeneous catalysis on a droplet scale. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a new concept of a millistructured capillary reactor setup for contactless kinetic measurements via in-line Raman spectroscopy for three phase reactions in single slugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Klement
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- Institute of Chemical, Process Engineering
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| | | | - Fabian Wolff
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- Institute of Chemical, Process Engineering
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Apparatedesign
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences
- Institute of Chemical, Process Engineering
- 68163 Mannheim
- Germany
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8
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Zhou P, He J, Huang L, Yu Z, Su Z, Shi X, Zhou J. Microfluidic High-Throughput Platforms for Discovery of Novel Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122514. [PMID: 33333718 PMCID: PMC7765132 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening is a potent technique to accelerate the discovery and development of new materials. By performing massive synthesis and characterization processes in parallel, it can rapidly discover materials with desired components, structures and functions. Among the various approaches for high-throughput screening, microfluidic platforms have attracted increasing attention. Compared with many current strategies that are generally based on robotic dispensers and automatic microplates, microfluidic platforms can significantly increase the throughput and reduce the consumption of reagents by several orders of magnitude. In this review, we first introduce current advances of the two types of microfluidic high-throughput platforms based on microarrays and microdroplets, respectively. Then the utilization of these platforms for screening different types of materials, including inorganic metals, metal alloys and organic polymers are described in detail. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this promising field are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Jinxu He
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-3938-7890 (J.Z.)
| | - Ziming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zhenning Su
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Xuetao Shi
- National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.Z.); (J.H.); (Z.Y.); (Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (L.H.); (J.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-3938-7890 (J.Z.)
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9
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Shen J, Shafiq M, Ma M, Chen H. Synthesis and Surface Engineering of Inorganic Nanomaterials Based on Microfluidic Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1177. [PMID: 32560284 PMCID: PMC7353232 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis and surface engineering of inorganic nanomaterials hold great promise for the design of functional nanoparticles for a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and catalysis. However, owing to the inadequate and unstable mass/heat transfer, conventional bulk synthesis methods often result in the poor uniformity of nanoparticles, in terms of microstructure, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Microfluidic technologies with advantageous features, such as precise fluid control and rapid microscale mixing, have gathered the widespread attention of the research community for the fabrication and engineering of nanomaterials, which effectively overcome the aforementioned shortcomings of conventional bench methods. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the microfluidic fabrication of different types of inorganic nanomaterials, including silica, metal, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots. In addition, the surface modification strategies of nonporous and porous inorganic nanoparticles based on microfluidic method are also introduced. We also provide the readers with an insight on the red blocks and prospects of microfluidic approaches, for designing the next generation of inorganic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan;
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hangrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (J.S.); (H.C.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Larrea A, Eguizabal A, Sebastián V. Gas-Directed Production of Noble Metal-Magnetic Heteronanostructures in Continuous Fashion: Application in Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43520-43532. [PMID: 31664814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex nanomaterials produced by scale-up batch processes lack suitable control of shape, size distribution, chemical composition, and quality, because heat and mass transfer are seriously affected as the reactor volume increases. Here we use a novel continuous synthesis procedure, the active gas-liquid segmented flow, to produce noble metal-magnetic heteronanostructures with enormous interest in the fields of catalysis, biomedicine, environmental sensors, food monitoring, and chemical analysis. The microreactor technology proposed scales down the reaction volume to gain advantage of the large surface area to volume ratio with respect to conventional batch-type reactors, improving heat and mass transport and, consequently, promoting a uniform heating and mixing. The gas phase was introduced in the chemical reactor as gas slugs of nanoliter scale with a dual role: (1) passive mixing and (2) chemical directing agent to tune the crystallization of nanostructures in a continuous fashion. The shape, size, and magnetic properties of the resulting heteronanostructures, as well as the density, size, and composition of noble metal nanoparticles were tuned to show the versatility of the proposed approach in a timeline of 4 min. We demonstrated that the produced nanostructures provide excellent catalytic properties in the catalyzed hydrogenation of nitrophenols to aminophenols. Electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies showed the remarkable catalytic performance of the produced heteronanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Adela Eguizabal
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Networking Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , Pedro Cerbuna 12 , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
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11
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Roberts EJ, Karadaghi LR, Wang L, Malmstadt N, Brutchey RL. Continuous Flow Methods of Fabricating Catalytically Active Metal Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27479-27502. [PMID: 31287651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the obstacles preventing the commercialization of colloidal nanoparticle catalysts is the difficulty in fabricating these materials at scale while maintaining a high level of control over their resulting morphologies, and ultimately, their properties. Translation of batch-scale solution nanoparticle syntheses to continuous flow reactors has been identified as one method to address the scaling issue. The superior heat and mass transport afforded by the high surface-area-to-volume ratios of micro- and millifluidic channels allows for high control over reaction conditions and oftentimes results in decreased reaction times, higher yields, and/or more monodisperse size distributions compared to an analogous batch reaction. Furthermore, continuous flow reactors are automatable and have environmental health and safety benefits, making them practical for commercialization. Herein, a discussion of continuous flow methods, reactor design, and potential challenges is presented. A thorough account of the implementation of these technologies for the fabrication of catalytically active metal nanoparticles is reviewed for hydrogenation, electrocatalysis, and oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Roberts
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , 840 Downey Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-0744 , United States
| | - Lanja R Karadaghi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , 840 Downey Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-0744 , United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Southern California , 925 Bloom Walk , Los Angeles , California 90089-1211 , United States
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , 840 Downey Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-0744 , United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Southern California , 925 Bloom Walk , Los Angeles , California 90089-1211 , United States
| | - Richard L Brutchey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , 840 Downey Way , Los Angeles , California 90089-0744 , United States
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12
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Luo G, Du L, Wang Y, Wang K. Manipulation and Control of Structure and Size of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Microchemical Systems. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Luo
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Le Du
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyThe State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology 3 Ring Rd East 100029 Beijing China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Tsinghua UniversityThe State Key Lab of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1 Tsinghua Yuan Street 100084 Beijing China
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13
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Tamtaji M, Mohammadi A. Continuous synthesis of plate-like silica microparticles using microfluidics. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Sontti SG, Pallewar PG, Ghosh AB, Atta A. Understanding the Influence of Rheological Properties of Shear‐Thinning Liquids on Segmented Flow in Microchannel using CLSVOF Based CFD Model. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somasekhara Goud Sontti
- Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (mCFD) LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurWest Bengal 721302India
| | - Pankaj G. Pallewar
- Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (mCFD) LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurWest Bengal 721302India
| | - Amritendu Bhuson Ghosh
- Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (mCFD) LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurWest Bengal 721302India
| | - Arnab Atta
- Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics (mCFD) LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology KharagpurWest Bengal 721302India
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15
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Liu Z, Zhu J, Peng C, Wakihara T, Okubo T. Continuous flow synthesis of ordered porous materials: from zeolites to metal–organic frameworks and mesoporous silica. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the concepts, challenges and recent developments on the continuous flow synthesis of ordered porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Liu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Ce Peng
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Toru Wakihara
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo
- Japan
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16
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Theoretical modeling of transient reaction–diffusion dynamics in electrokinetic Y-shaped microreactors. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Du L, Li Y, Gao R, Yin J, Shen C, Wang Y, Luo G. Controllability and flexibility in particle manufacturing of a segmented microfluidic device with passive picoinjection. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Ruomei Gao
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiabin Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chun Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yujun Wang
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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18
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Laura U, Arruebo M, Sebastian V. Towards the continuous production of Pt-based heterogeneous catalysts using microfluidic systems. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1693-1702. [PMID: 29334396 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The continuous production of Pt-based heterogeneous catalysts based on ultra-small (<2 nm) noble metal nanoparticles deposited on mesoporous ordered silica and their catalytic activity in VOC abatement are here reported. Microfluidic reactors can be used not only to enable the fast and controlled production of ultra-small Pt nanoparticles (NPs), but also alloyed NPs including PtPd, PtRu and PtRh can be formed in short residence times (between 60 s and 5 min). A novel continuous and homogeneous loading of these catalytic NPs on SBA-15 used as a mesoporous support is also here reported. This procedure eases the NP loading and minimizes washing post-treatments. A 12-fold decrease in the synthesis time was obtained when using this microfluidic reactor compared to the traditional batch production of Pt NPs. Microflow and batch type reactors yielded a Pt precursor conversion to generate Pt NPs with a 90% and 85% yield, respectively. Under the same conditions, the productivity of the microfluidic system (27 mg Pt NPs per h) was twice the one achieved in the conventional batch type reactor. The catalytic performance of the supported catalysts separately prepared by microfluidics and by conventional impregnation under the same conditions and with the same noble metal loading was also compared in the n-hexane abatement as a model of VOCs. Both catalysts were active in the VOC oxidation reaction but a 95% reduction in the catalyst synthesis time was obtained when using the catalysts produced in the microfluidic platform. For this reaction a long-term activity test was successfully carried out at 175 °C during 30 h on stream using the heterogeneous catalyst prepared by using the flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uson Laura
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering & Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor edif. I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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19
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Kulkarni AA, Sebastian Cabeza V. Insights in the Diffusion Controlled Interfacial Flow Synthesis of Au Nanostructures in a Microfluidic System. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14315-14324. [PMID: 29156882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous segmented flow interfacial synthesis of Au nanostructures is demonstrated in a microchannel reactor. This study brings new insights into the growth of nanostructures at continuous interfaces. The size as well as the shape of the nanostructures showed significant dependence on the reactant concentrations, reaction time, temperature, and surface tension, which actually controlled the interfacial mass transfer. The microchannel reactor assisted in achieving a high interfacial area, as well as uniformity in mass transfer effects. Hexagonal nanostructures were seen to be formed in synthesis times as short as 10 min. The wettability of the channel showed significant effect on the particle size as well as the actual shape. The hydrophobic channel yielded hexagonal structures of relatively smaller size than the hydrophilic microchannel, which yielded sharp hexagonal bipyramidal particles (diagonal distance of 30 nm). The evolution of particle size and shape for the case of hydrophilic microchannel is also shown as a function of the residence time. The interfacial synthesis approach based on a stable segmented flow promoted an excellent control on the reaction extent, reduction in axial dispersion as well as the particle size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol A Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune, 411008, India
| | - Victor Sebastian Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza , Campus Río Ebro-Edificio, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
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20
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Pan LJ, Tu JW, Ma HT, Yang YJ, Tian ZQ, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. Controllable synthesis of nanocrystals in droplet reactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 18:41-56. [PMID: 29098217 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a broad range of nanocrystals have been synthesized in droplet-based microfluidic reactors which provide obvious advantages, such as accurate manipulation, better reproducibility and reliable automation. In this review, we initially introduce general concepts of droplet reactors followed by discussions of their main functional regions including droplet generation, mixing of reactants, reaction controlling, in situ monitoring, and reaction quenching. Subsequently, the enhanced mass and heat transport properties are discussed. Next, we focus on research frontiers including sequential multistep synthesis, intelligent synthesis, reliable scale-up synthesis, and interfacial synthesis. Finally, we end with an outlook on droplet reactors, especially highlighting some aspects such as large-scale production, the integrated process of synthesis and post-synthetic treatments, automated droplet reactors with in situ monitoring and optimizing algorithms, and rapidly developing strategies for interfacial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Pu Y, Kang F, Zeng X, Chen J, Wang J. Synthesis of transparent oil dispersion of monodispersed calcium carbonate nanoparticles with high concentration. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Pu
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
| | - Fang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Fei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
| | - Jian‐Feng Chen
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
| | - Jie‐Xin Wang
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029 P.R. China
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22
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Synthesis of highly magnetostrictive nanostructures and their application in a polymer-based magnetoelectric sensing device. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Sebastián V, Jensen KF. Nanoengineering a library of metallic nanostructures using a single microfluidic reactor. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15288-95. [PMID: 27500728 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic synthesis in a microfabricated reactor enables fast and facile synthesis of a wide library of metallic nanostructures: monometallic, bimetallic, anisotropic growth and heterostructures. Specific nanostructures are realized by selection of flow pattern and synthesis parameters. The technique is shown to have advantages over conventional batch technologies. Not only does it allow faster scalable synthesis, but also realization of nanostructures hitherto not reported such as Pt-Ru, Pt-Ni and Pt-Co nanodendrites, Pt-Pd heterostructures, Ag-Pd core-shell NPs, Au-Pd nanodumbbells and Au-Pd nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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24
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Sebastian V, Smith CD, Jensen KF. Shape-controlled continuous synthesis of metal nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7534-7543. [PMID: 26927867 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A segmented flow-based microreactor is used for the continuous production of faceted nanocrystals. Flow segmentation is proposed as a versatile tool to manipulate the reduction kinetics and control the growth of faceted nanostructures; tuning the size and shape. Switching the gas from oxygen to carbon monoxide permits the adjustment in nanostructure growth from 1D (nanorods) to 2D (nanosheets). CO is a key factor in the formation of Pd nanosheets and Pt nanocubes; operating as a second phase, a reductant, and a capping agent. This combination confines the growth to specific structures. In addition, the segmented flow microfluidic reactor inherently has the ability to operate in a reproducible manner at elevated temperatures and pressures whilst confining potentially toxic reactants, such as CO, in nanoliter slugs. This continuous system successfully synthesised Pd nanorods with an aspect ratio of 6; thin palladium nanosheets with a thickness of 1.5 nm; and Pt nanocubes with a 5.6 nm edge length, all in a synthesis time as low as 150 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Christopher D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77, Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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