1
|
Wang Y, Qian L, Yang D, Gong Y, Yuan C, Hu Y, Gu H, Sun P, Wang S. Integration of hydrothermal liquefaction of Cyanophyta and supercritical water oxidation of its aqueous phase products: Biocrude production and nutrient removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169835. [PMID: 38190896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Cyanophyta has the potential to produce biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, aqueous phase products (APs), as by-products of HTL, pose a risk of eutrophication for the high levels of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) can efficiently convert organics into small molecules, offering a technique for the harmless treatment of APs. Effects of holding time, pressure, and moisture content on the biocrude yields from isothermal HTL (300 °C) and fast HTL (salt bath temperature of 500 °C) were comprehensively investigated. Biocrude properties were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and GC-MS. Subsequently, the APs obtained under the conditions producing the highest biocrude yield were subjected to SCWO at 550 °C with different oxidation coefficients (n) from 0 to 2. Removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) were further explored. The results show that the highest biocrude yields from isothermal HTL and fast HTL were 24.2 wt% (300 °C, 1800 s, 25 MPa, and 80 wt% moisture content) and 21.9 wt% (500 °C, 40 s, 25 MPa, and 80 wt% moisture content), respectively. The biocrude primarily consisted of N-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, and acids. SCWO effectively degraded the COD and TP in APs, while the NH3-N required further degradation. At n = 2, the highest removal rates of COD, NH3-N and TP were 98.5 %, 22.6 % and 89.1 %, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lili Qian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Derui Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yanmeng Gong
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Chuan Yuan
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yamin Hu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Heng Gu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Panpan Sun
- College of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prestigiacomo C, Fan Y, Hornung U, Dahmen N, Scialdone O, Galia A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge: use of HCOOH and KOH to improve the slurry pumpability in a continuously operated plant. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26287. [PMID: 38390112 PMCID: PMC10881357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We studied the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of digested sewage sludge (DSS) as model of waste biomass in batch and continuous reactors. HCOOH and KOH were used to improve the slurry pumpability. HTL experiments were conducted at the same kinetic severity factor in a batch reactor of 25 mL of volume and in a continuously operated tubular reactor with 350 mL of volume. The observed outcomes suggested that it was not possible to achieve the pumpability of native DSS when a high concentrated stream of suspended solid particles has been fed to the HTL continuous plant. Using acidic or basic homogeneous additives, as potassium hydroxide or formic acid, it was possible to enhance the pumpability of a concentrated slurry of DSS in the continuous plant achieving yields of heavy oil (fraction of biocrude) similar to those obtained in the batch reactor and with higher H/C ratios. Hence, we found that HCOOH and KOH are promising additives for the practical implementation of a continuous HTL process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Prestigiacomo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Y Fan
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und -technologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (IKFT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Nanyang Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Nanyang, 473004, PR China
| | - U Hornung
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und -technologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (IKFT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Dahmen
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und -technologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (IKFT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scialdone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Galia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prestigiacomo C, Scialdone O, Galia A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biomass in batch reactors: critical assessment of the role of operating parameters as a function of the nature of the feedstock. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
4
|
Ding X, Mahadevan Subramanya S, Waltz KE, Wang Y, Savage PE. Hydrothermal liquefaction of polysaccharide feedstocks with heterogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127100. [PMID: 35367606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of starch, cellulose, pectin, and chitin with Pd/C, Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3, and zeolite was investigated at 320 °C for 30 min. Using Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 at 5 wt% loading led to the highest biocrude yields from starch (25 wt%) and cellulose (23 wt%). The yields from cellulose are more than twice those from noncatalytic HTL (11 wt%). Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 was also the only catalyst (25 wt% loading) to increase biocrude yields (by 1.6 - 2.6 wt%) from HTL of chitin and pectin. The biocrudes were characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, FT-IR and GC-MS. Catalytic HTL with Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 had little effect on the elemental composition of the biocrudes. The presence of Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 increased the low-boiling portion of biocrude from<30% to over 50% for HTL of starch. Finally, a component additivity model that accurately predicts biocrude yields from catalytic HTL of a mixture is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | | | - Kayley E Waltz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Phillip E Savage
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Guo Y, He H, Zheng L, Kong L. A comprehensive study of indole catalytic hydrodenitrogenation under hydrothermal conditions. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Haoran He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lixiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Thermo‐Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lingzhao Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Study of Biocrudes Obtained via Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of Wild Alga Consortium under Different Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalga-based fuels are promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels. This feedstock presents several advantages such as fast growth in a harsh environment and an ability to trap gases emitted from industries, thus reducing global warming effects. An efficient way to convert harvested microalgae into biofuels is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which yields an intermediate product called biocrude. In this study, the elemental and molecular compositions of 15 different HTL biocrudes were determined by means of different techniques. Wild algae were cultivated in an industrial environment with plant emissions as a carbon source in fresh or seawater. It was notably observed that the culture medium had an influence on the biochemical composition and mineral matter content of algae. Thus, seawater algae were characterized by larger amounts of carbohydrates and mineral matter than freshwater ones, which also affected the oil yields and the light and heavy fractions of biocrudes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang J, Serago JJ, Torres K, Rapp E, Savage PE. Fate of iron during hydrothermal liquefaction of hemin. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
8
|
Chen PH, Venegas Jimenez JL, Rowland SM, Quinn JC, Laurens LM. Nutrient recycle from algae hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase through a novel selective remediation approach. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
9
|
Jiang J, Savage PE. Using Solvents To Reduce the Metal Content in Crude Bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimeng Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Phillip E. Savage
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The individual and synergistic impacts of feedstock characteristics and reaction conditions on the aqueous co-product from hydrothermal liquefaction. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang B, He Z, Chen H, Kandasamy S, Xu Z, Hu X, Guo H. Effect of acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions on product distribution and biocrude oil chemistry from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:129-137. [PMID: 30216922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae produces high amount of water-insoluble organic compounds, the biocrude oil. Using high-growth-rate Spirulina platensis as feedstock, product fraction distribution and biocrude oil chemistry from HTL at a temperature of 240-300 °C under acidic, neutral and alkaline condition were studied. Positive effects on biocrude oil yield were only found with KOH and acetic acid, and these effects were stronger under milder HTL conditions. FT-ICR MS showed that O2 class in the biocrude was high due to higher carbohydrate in the biomass, numbers of N3O5-6 species present in the sample from acetic acid run, indicating its less decarboxylation ability. GC-MS showed more ketones and amides were formed from fatty acids in catalytic HTL, and this effect was sensitive toward reaction temperature. GPC suggested more light volatiles were in biocrude from KOH run, while analysis from NMR, FT-IR and elemental confirmed its high oil quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhixia He
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Haitao Chen
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | | | - Zhixiang Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Molecular characterization and atomistic model of biocrude oils from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Marrone PA, Elliott DC, Billing JM, Hallen RT, Hart TR, Kadota P, Moeller JC, Randel MA, Schmidt AJ. Bench-Scale Evaluation of Hydrothermal Processing Technology for Conversion of Wastewater Solids to Fuels. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2018; 90:329-342. [PMID: 30188275 DOI: 10.2175/106143017x15131012152861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification (CHG) proof-of-concept bench-scale tests were performed to assess the potential of hydrothermal treatment for handling municipal wastewater sludge. HTL tests were conducted at 300 to 350 °C and 20 MPa on three different feeds: primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids. Corresponding CHG tests were conducted at 350 °C and 20 MPa on the HTL aqueous phase output using a ruthenium-based catalyst. Biocrude yields ranged from 25 to 37%. Biocrude composition and quality were comparable to biocrudes generated from algae feeds. Subsequent hydrotreating of biocrude resulted in a product with comparable physical and chemical properties to crude oil. CHG product gas methane yields on a carbon basis ranged from 47 to 64%. Siloxane concentrations in the CHG product gas were below engine limits. The HTL-CHG process resulted in a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of > 99.9% and a reduction in residual solids for disposal of 94 to 99%.
Collapse
|
14
|
Supercritical water upgrading of water-insoluble and water-soluble biocrudes from hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis microalgae. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Lababpour A. Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Biofuel and Biocrude Production from Microalgal Feedstock. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Lababpour
- Shohadaye Hoveizeh University of Technology; Faculty of Engineering; P.O. Box 64418-78986 Susangerd Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Godwin CM, Hietala DC, Lashaway AR, Narwani A, Savage PE, Cardinale BJ. Algal polycultures enhance coproduct recycling from hydrothermal liquefaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:630-638. [PMID: 27923610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if polycultures of algae could enhance tolerance to aqueous-phase coproduct (ACP) from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass to produce biocrude. The growth of algal monocultures and polycultures was characterized across a range ACP concentrations and sources. All of the monocultures were either killed or inhibited by 2% ACP, but polycultures of the same species were viable at up to 10%. The addition of ACP increased the growth rate (up to 25%) and biomass production (53%) of polycultures, several of which were more productive in ACP than any monoculture was in the presence or absence of ACP. These results suggest that a cultivation process that applies biodiversity to nutrient recycling could produce more algae with less fertilizer consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Godwin
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - David C Hietala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aubrey R Lashaway
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anita Narwani
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Phillip E Savage
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 158 Fenske Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bradley J Cardinale
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|