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Electrochemical Investigation of Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196312. [PMID: 36234849 PMCID: PMC9570559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of iron-based catalysts in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is very interesting because of the abundance of the metal and its biocompatibility. Although the mechanism of action is not well understood yet, iron halide salts are usually used as catalysts, often in the presence of nitrogen or phosphorous ligands (L). In this study, electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) catalyzed by FeCl3, both in the absence and presence of additional ligands, was investigated in dimethylformamide. The electrochemical behavior of FeCl3 and FeCl3/L was deeply investigated showing the speciation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) and the role played by added ligands. It is shown that amine ligands form stable iron complexes, whereas phosphines act as reducing agents. eATRP of MMA catalyzed by FeCl3 was investigated in different conditions. In particular, the effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, catalyst-to-initiator ratio, halide ion excess and added ligands were investigated. In general, polymerization was moderately fast but difficult to control. Surprisingly, the best results were obtained with FeCl3 without any other ligand. Electrogenerated Fe(II) effectively activates the dormant chains but deactivation of the propagating radicals by Fe(III) species is less efficient, resulting in dispersity > 1.5, unless a high concentration of FeCl3 is used.
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2
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Luo J, Durante C, Gennaro A, Isse AA. Electrochemical study of the effect of Al3+ on the stability and performance of Cu-based ATRP catalysts in organic media. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) of styrene was studied in detail by using CuBr2/TPMA (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as a catalyst. Redox properties of various Cu(II) species were investigated in CH3CN, dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) both in the absence and presence of 50% (v/v) styrene. This investigation together with preliminary eATRP experiments at 80 °C indicated DMF as the best solvent. The effects of catalyst, monomer, and initiator concentrations were also examined. The livingness of the polymerization was studied by chain extension and electrochemical temporal control of polymerization.
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5
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Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2203-2222. [PMID: 33750023 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well-defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET-LRP dispute: the role of Cu0 ; v) electrochemically-mediated ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences-University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1-35131, Padova, Italy
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6
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Jin J, Guo J, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Kinetic features of
iron‐based
electrochemically mediated
ATRP
revealed by Monte Carlo simulation. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Jun‐Kang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha P.R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P.R. China
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7
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Bian C, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Double‐external‐field enables bulk controlled radical polymerization with narrow molecular weight distribution at high conversion. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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8
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De Bon F, Marenzi S, Isse AA, Durante C, Gennaro A. Electrochemically Mediated Aqueous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of
N
,
N
‐Dimethylacrylamide. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering University of Coimbra Rua Silvio Lima, Polo II 3030-790 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Marenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Christian Durante
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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9
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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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10
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De Bon F, Ribeiro DCM, Abreu CMR, Rebelo RAC, Isse AA, Serra AC, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K, Coelho JFJ. Under pressure: electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl chloride. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically mediated ATRP (eATRP) of vinyl chloride (VC), a less activated monomer, was successfully achieved. It is the first report on eATRP of a gaseous monomer under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Diana C. M. Ribeiro
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Carlos M. R. Abreu
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Rafael A. C. Rebelo
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | | | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- University of Coimbra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering
- Materials and Processes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II
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11
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Bian C, Zhou Y, Luo Z. Mechanistic and kinetic investigation of Cu(II)‐catalyzed controlled radical polymerization enabled by ultrasound irradiation. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
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12
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Michieletto A, Lorandi F, De Bon F, Isse AA, Gennaro A. Biocompatible polymers via aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
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13
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Towards scale-up of electrochemically-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization: Use of a stainless-steel reactor as both cathode and reaction vessel. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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De Bon F, Isse AA, Gennaro A. Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate: The Importance of Catalytic Halogen Exchange. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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15
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Wang Y, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization with dithiocarbamates as alkyl pseudohalides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
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16
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Guo J, Luo Z. How the catalyst circulates and works in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Kang Guo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240 P.R. China
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17
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Wang J, Tian M, Li S, Wang R, Du F, Xue Z. Ligand-free iron-based electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00933c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the iron-catalyzed ligand-free eATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Mengying Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Shaoqiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
| | - Feipeng Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and Storage
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
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18
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Pan X, Fantin M, Yuan F, Matyjaszewski K. Externally controlled atom transfer radical polymerization. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5457-5490. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00259b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ATRP can be externally controlled by electrical current, light, mechanical forces and various chemical reducing agents. The mechanistic aspects and preparation of polymers with complex functional architectures and their applications are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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19
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D'hooge DR, Fantin M, Magenau AJD, Konkolewicz D, Matyjaszewski K. Two-compartment kinetic Monte Carlo modelling of electrochemically mediated ATRP. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel eATRP mechanistic insights are formulated, considering a two-compartment kinetic Monte Carlo model with catalyst concentration gradients accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Marco Fantin
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Andrew J. D. Magenau
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
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