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Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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2
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Chiral ionic liquids synthesis and their applications in racemic drug separation and analysis. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Quintas PY, Fiorentini EF, Llaver M, González RE, Wuilloud RG. State-of-the-art extraction and separation of enantiomers through the application of alternative solvents. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Huang Y, Ouyang D, Ji Y. The Role of H‐bond in Solubilizing Drugs by Ionic Liquids: A Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory Study. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- Jiangsu Province Hi‐Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau Macao SAR China
| | - Yuanhui Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hi‐Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing P. R. China
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Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction of tryptophan enantiomers by a recyclable aqueous biphasic system based on stimuli-responsive polymers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462532. [PMID: 34525428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic organic solvents/water biphasic system had been always used in the traditional enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction (ELLE). In recent years, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) are considered as a promising method used in the ELLE. In the present work, a recyclable ABS composed of a temperature-responsive polymer poly(MAH-β-CD-co-NIPAAm) (PN-CD) and a pH-responsive polymer poly(AA-DMAEMA-BMA) (PADB) was employed in the enantioseparation of tryptophan enantiomers. The polymer PN-CD acted as not only the phase-forming component but also the chiral selector, which can be recycled by changing the temperature. The polymer PADB can be used as the phase-forming component, which can also be recycled by adjusting the pH. The phase behaviors of this PN-CD/PADB ABS had been studied. The influencing parameters were studied for this chiral separation process, including the polymer concentration, initial tryptophan concentration, extraction temperature, and system pH. The maximum separation factor (α) of 1.42 was obtained by one-step extraction under the optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the distribution coefficients of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and D-tryptophan (D-Trp) were 2.79 and 1.96, respectively. This study develops a green and sustainable strategy for enantioseparation by using the ELLE.
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Liu J, Yang Z, Che Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao C. Computational investigation of metal organic frameworks as potential drug carriers for antihypertensive amlodipine. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yuanyuan Che
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yaojie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chun‐Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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7
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Mechanism analysis of extractive distillation for separation of acetic acid and water based on quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Sun Z, Su L, Yao D, Yang X, Song X. Selective Separation of HNO 3 and HCl by Extraction: The Investigation on the Noncovalent Interaction between Extractants and Acids by Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1214-1226. [PMID: 33496172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a huge demand for the highly selective separation of HNO3 and HCl in many industries, and solvent extraction is considered a feasible method. In this article, DFT calculations were performed to investigate the interactions between acids and extractants including alcohols, ketones, phosphorus, and amines. One of the significant findings to emerge from this study is that amines bind to acids through ion association. Nevertheless, the interaction between acids and alcohols, ketones, and phosphorus with a (RO)3P═O structure is mainly dominated by hydrogen bonds. The change of Gibbs free energy in the extraction process shows that the phosphorus ((RO)3P═O) is superior to other types of extractants in the selective separation of HNO3 and HCl. Furthermore, after the alkoxyl group (RO-) in phosphorus ((RO)3P═O) is replaced by RN- or R- with less electronegativity, the interaction between HCl and the substituted extractants transitions from a hydrogen bond to ion association, but there are still strong hydrogen bonds between them and HNO3. That will lead to a decrease in the selectivity of phosphorus due to the change in interaction types. This new understanding should help the design and screening of efficient extractants for the separation of mineral acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Resources Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xi'ning 810007, China
| | - Lei Su
- Engineering Research Center of Resources Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Doudou Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Resources Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xi'ning 810007, China
| | - Xingfu Song
- Engineering Research Center of Resources Process Engineering, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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9
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Carreira AR, Ferreira AM, Almeida MR, Coutinho JA, Sintra TE. Propranolol resolution using enantioselective biphasic systems. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Nie L, Yohannes A, Yao S. Recent advances in the enantioseparation promoted by ionic liquids and their resolution mechanisms. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461384. [PMID: 32797857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More and more various chemical media are being applied in enantioseparation; among them, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted the long-term attention in this decade as green designable solvents. This paper provides comprehensive overview for the applications of ILs in chiral extraction, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and other techniques for enantioseparation. Additionally, the important resolution mechanisms based on ILs have also been summarized and discussed. This review focuses on the latest development of enantioseparation methods by using ILs in various modes, leading to meaningful and valuable information to related fields and thus promotes further research and application of reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Nie
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Alula Yohannes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China.
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11
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Flieger J, Feder-Kubis J, Tatarczak-Michalewska M. Chiral Ionic Liquids: Structural Diversity, Properties and Applications in Selected Separation Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4253. [PMID: 32549300 PMCID: PMC7352568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds composed of ions with melting points below 100 °C exhibiting a design feature. ILs are commonly used as the so-called green solvents, reagents or highly efficient catalysts in varied chemical processes. The huge application potential of ionic liquids (IL) justifies the growing interest in these compounds. In the last decade, increasing attention has been devoted to the development of new methods in the synthesis of stable chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and their application in various separation techniques. The beginnings of the successful use of CILs to separate enantiomers date back to the 1990 s. Most chiral ILs are based on chiral cations or chiral anions. There is also a limited number of CILs possessing both a chiral cation and a chiral anion. Due to the high molecular diversity of both ions, of which at least one has a chiral center, we have the possibility to design a large variety of optically active structures, thus expanding the range of CIL applications. Research utilizing chiral ionic liquids only recently has become more popular. However, it is the area that still has great potential for future development. This review aimed to describe the diversity of structures, properties and examples of applications of chiral ionic liquids as new chiral solid materials and chiral components of the anisotropic environment, providing chiral recognition of enantiomeric analytes, which is useful in liquid chromatography, countercurrent chromatography and other various CIL-based extraction techniques including aqueous biphasic (ABS) extraction systems, solid-liquid two-phase systems, liquid-liquid extraction systems with hydrophilic CILs, liquid-liquid extraction systems with hydrophobic CILs, solid-phase extraction and induced-precipitation techniques developed in the recent years. The growing demand for pure enantiomers in the pharmaceutical and food industries sparks further development in the field of extraction and separation systems modified with CILs highlighting them as affordable and environmentally friendly both chiral selectors and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland;
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Liu M, Liu ZQ, Zhu H, He CH, Wu KJ. Enantioseparation of racemic amlodipine using immobilized ionic liquid by solid-phase extraction. Chirality 2020; 32:1062-1071. [PMID: 32342529 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel l-glutamate based immobilized chiral ionic liquid (SBA-IL (Glu)) was prepared by chemical bonding method and applied as a solid sorbent for chiral separation of amlodipine. The performance of SBA-IL (Glu) was investigated for the absorption of (S)-amlodipine and separation of amlodipine enantiomer. The static experiment showed that equilibrium adsorption was achieved within 80 minutes, and the saturation adsorptions capacity was 12 mg/g. The complex was then packed in a glass chromatographic column for the separation of amlodipine and the enantiomeric excess (%ee) of (S)-amlodipine reached 24.67%. The immobilized ionic liquids exhibit good reusability, and the separation efficiency remains 18.24% after reused five times, which allows potential scale-up for the chiral separation of amlodipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Qian Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Chao-Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Ke-Jun Wu
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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How imidazolium‐based ionic liquids solubilize the poorly soluble ibuprofen? A theoretical study. AIChE J 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Song Y, Wang R, Liu R, Du Y, Luo F, Yan H, Sun L. Dehydration of 1-Butanol with a Deep Eutectic Solvent by Liquid–Liquid Extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Ruyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Yuezhan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Fei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Hongze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Lanyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
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15
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Fang S, Peng X, Liang X, Shen J, Wang J, Chen J, Meng Y. Enhancing Water Solubility and Stability of Natamycin by Molecular Encapsulation in Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin and its Mechanisms by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. FOOD BIOPHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-019-09620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Zhang P, Wang W, Dai G, Wang S, Xu W, Tang K. Symmetric and asymmetric separations of bisoprolol enantiomers: Optimization and application. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Cai P, Gao Z, Yin X, Luo Y, Zhao X, Pan Y. Facile enantioseparation and recognition of mandelic acid and its derivatives in self‐assembly interaction with chiral ionic liquids. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:3589-3598. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinchi Yin
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Luo
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
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Cui X, Ding Q, Shan RN, He CH, Wu KJ. Enantioseparation of flurbiprofen enantiomers using chiral ionic liquids by liquid-liquid extraction. Chirality 2019; 31:457-467. [PMID: 31062890 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen is a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which has been widely used in clinic for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It has been reported that S-flurbiprofen shows good performance on clinic anti-inflammatory treatment, while R-enantiomer almost has no pharmacological activities. It has important practical values to obtain optically pure S-flurbiprofen. In this work, chiral ionic liquids, which have good structural designability and chiral recognize ability, were selected as the extraction selector by the assistance of quantum chemistry calculations. The distribution behaviors of flurbiprofen enantiomers were investigated in the extraction system, which was composed of organic solvent and aqueous phase containing chiral ionic liquid. The results show that maximum enantioselectivity up to 1.20 was attained at pH 2.0, 25°C using 1,2-dichloroethane as organic solvent, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole L-tryptophan ([Bmim][L-trp]) as chiral selector. The racemic flurbiprofen initial concentration was 0.2 mmol L-1 , and [Bmim][L-trp] concentration was 0.02 mol L-1 . Furthermore, the recycle of chiral ionic liquids has been achieved by reverse extraction process of the aqueous phase with chiral selector, which is significant for industrial application of chiral ionic liquids and scale-up of the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Ni Shan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Chao-Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Ke-Jun Wu
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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