1
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Astorino C, De Nardo E, Lettieri S, Ferraro G, Pirri CF, Bocchini S. Advancements in Gas Separation for Energy Applications: Exploring the Potential of Polymer Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM). MEMBRANES 2023; 13:903. [PMID: 38132907 PMCID: PMC10744731 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) are promising candidates for energy-efficient industrial gas separations, especially for the separation of carbon dioxide over methane (CO2/CH4) and carbon dioxide over nitrogen (CO2/N2) for natural gas/biogas upgrading and carbon capture from flue gases, respectively. Compared to other separation techniques, membrane separations offer potential energy and cost savings. Ultra-permeable PIM-based polymers are currently leading the trade-off between permeability and selectivity for gas separations, particularly in CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2. These membranes show a significant improvement in performance and fall within a linear correlation on benchmark Robeson plots, which are parallel to, but significantly above, the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 Robeson upper bounds. This improvement is expected to enhance the credibility of polymer membranes for CO2 separations and stimulate further research in polymer science and applied engineering to develop membrane systems for these CO2 separations, which are critical to energy and environmental sustainability. This review aims to highlight the state-of-the-art strategies employed to enhance gas separation performances in PIM-based membranes while also mitigating aging effects. These strategies include chemical post-modification, crosslinking, UV and thermal treatment of PIM, as well as the incorporation of nanofillers in the polymeric matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Astorino
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (E.D.N.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Eugenio De Nardo
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (E.D.N.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Stefania Lettieri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (E.D.N.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Sergio Bocchini
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies (CSFT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy; (C.A.); (E.D.N.); (C.F.P.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
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2
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Niu X, Dong G, Li D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Atomic layer deposition modified PIM-1 membranes for improved CO2 separation: A comparative study on the microstructure-performance relationships. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Functionalized two-dimensional g-C3N4 nanosheets in PIM-1 mixed matrix membranes for gas separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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4
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Rasouli H, Nguyen K, Iliuta MC. Recent advancements in carbonic anhydrase immobilization and its implementation in CO2 capture technologies: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Huang L, Xing Z, Zhuang X, Wei J, Ma Y, Wang B, Jiang X, He X, Deng L, Dai Z. Polymeric membranes and their derivatives for H2/CH4 separation: State of the art. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Liu Z, Zheng W, Li Z, Dai Y, Jiang X, Zhang X, Ruan X, Wu X, He G. Constructing a CO 2-Philic and Highly Permeative Transmission Pathway in Electrospun Fiber Composite Membranes by Introduction of Ether-Oxygen Groups. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wenji Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaobin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xuehua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, R&D Center of Membrane Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
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7
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Liu X, Liu S, Li Y, Zong X, Luo J, Zhang C, Xue S. Transport properties of
O
2
,
N
2
, and
CO
2
through the
CMS
membranes derived from tris(4‐aminophenyl)amine‐based polyimides. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Shan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Ye Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xueping Zong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jiangzhou Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Chunxue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Song Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin China
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8
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Fan D, Ozcan A, Ramsahye NA, Maurin G, Semino R. Putting Forward NUS-8-CO 2H/PIM-1 as a Mixed Matrix Membrane for CO 2 Capture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16820-16829. [PMID: 35349279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) composed of NUS-8 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets dispersed into a polymer of intrinsic microporosity 1 (PIM-1) polymer matrix are known to be promising candidates for CO2/N2 separation because of a solubility-driven separation mechanism. In this work, we predict that a chemical functionalization of the organic linker of NUS-8 by a CO2-philic function confers an even better separation performance to the resulting MMM. Our simulations revealed that the NUS-8-CO2H/PIM-1 composite exhibits a 3-fold increase in CO2/N2 selectivity versus the NUS-8/PIM-1 analogue while achieving a high CO2 permeability (6700 barrer). We demonstrated that this improved level of performance is due to an increase both in the total MOF/polymer interfacial pore volume and in the CO2-affinity due to the chemical functionalization. These results suggest that an appropriate choice of chemical functionalization of a MOF is a promising strategy to improve gas separation performances for MMM composites that exhibit a solubility-driven separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Aydin Ozcan
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Naseem A Ramsahye
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Guillaume Maurin
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Rocio Semino
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, 34293, France
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9
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RASOULI H, ILIUTA I, BOUGIE F, GARNIER A, ILIUTA MC. Hybrid enzymatic CO2 capture process in intensified flat sheet membrane contactors with immobilized carbonic anhydrase. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Shi Y, Wang Z, Shi Y, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Jin J. Synergistic Design of Enhanced π–π Interaction and Decarboxylation Cross-Linking of Polyimide Membranes for Natural Gas Separation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Shi
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenggong Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yapeng Shi
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shouwen Zhu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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11
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Li S, Chang SM, Yin MJ, Zhang WH, Sun WS, Shiue A, An QF. Build up ‘highway’ in membrane via solvothermal annealing for high-efficient CO2 capture. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Zheng W, Liu Z, Ding R, Dai Y, Li X, Ruan X, He G. Constructing continuous and fast transport pathway by highly permeable polymer electrospun fibers in composite membrane to improve CO2 capture. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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He S, Zhu B, Li S, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Hon Lau C, Shao L. Recent progress in PIM-1 based membranes for sustainable CO2 separations: Polymer structure manipulation and mixed matrix membrane design. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Kwon TG, Jun Kim B, Hyeon Jo O, Kang BG, Wook Kang S. Synthesis of surface-tuned polyacrylonitrile particles and its applications to CO2 separation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Symbiosis-inspired de novo synthesis of ultrahigh MOF growth mixed matrix membranes for sustainable carbon capture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114964119. [PMID: 34969860 PMCID: PMC8740686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114964119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are one of the most promising solutions for energy-efficient gas separation. However, conventional MMM synthesis methods inevitably lead to poor filler-polymer interfacial compatibility, filler agglomeration, and limited loading. Herein, inspired by symbiotic relationships in nature, we designed a universal bottom-up method for in situ nanosized metal organic framework (MOF) assembly within polymer matrices. Consequently, our method eliminating the traditional postsynthetic step significantly enhanced MOF dispersion, interfacial compatibility, and loading to an unprecedented 67.2 wt % in synthesized MMMs. Utilizing experimental techniques and complementary density functional theory (DFT) simulation, we validated that these enhancements synergistically ameliorated CO2 solubility, which was significantly different from other works where MOF typically promoted gas diffusion. Our approach simultaneously improves CO2 permeability and selectivity, and superior carbon capture performance is maintained even during long-term tests; the mechanical strength is retained even with ultrahigh MOF loadings. This symbiosis-inspired de novo strategy can potentially pave the way for next-generation MMMs that can fully exploit the unique characteristics of both MOFs and matrices.
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16
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Feng Y, Yu L, Zhang K, Fan W, Fan L, Kang Z, Sun D. Fabrication of mixed matrix membranes with regulated MOF fillers via incorporating guest molecules for optimizing light hydrocarbon separation performance. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guest molecules were incorporated into MOF fillers to construct MMMs with PIM-1 for enhanced gas separation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - LiTing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - Weidong Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - Lili Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - Zixi Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, PR China
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17
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Feng Y, Chen S, Jiang D, Li H, Hua K, Zhao D, Deng M, Ren J. Thermal-Oxidative Membranes Based on Block Hydroxyl Polyimide for H2 Separation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Feng
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Kaisheng Hua
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Maicun Deng
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jizhong Ren
- National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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18
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Houben SJA, Kloos J, Borneman Z, Schenning APHJ. Switchable gas permeability of a polypropylene‐liquid crystalline composite film. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. A. Houben
- Laboratory of Stimuli‐responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven Manitoba The Netherlands
| | - Joey Kloos
- Membrane Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven Manitoba The Netherlands
| | - Zandrie Borneman
- Membrane Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven Manitoba The Netherlands
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli‐responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven Manitoba The Netherlands
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19
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TEA driven C, N co-doped superfine Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for efficient trifunctional electrode materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:249-259. [PMID: 34906910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poor conductivity is an obstacle that restricts the development of the electrochemistry performance of Fe3O4. In this work, a novel carbon and nitrogen co-doped ultrafine Fe3O4 nanoparticles (CN-Fe3O4) have been synthesized by triethylamine (TEA) induction and subsequent calcination. The addition of TEA could not only regulate the size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, but also promote the formation of amorphous carbon layer. Well-designed CN-Fe3O4 heterostructures provide a highly interconnected porous conductive network, large heterogeneous interface area, large specific surface area and a large number of active sites, which greatly improve conductivity and promote electron transfer and electrolyte diffusion. The prepared CN-Fe3O4 electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 399.3 mF cm-2 and good cycling stability. Meanwhile, CN-Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities, with overpotentials of 136 and 281 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, respectively. This work provides a promising approach for the design of high-performance anode materials for supercapacitors and provides profound implications for the development of catalysts with bifunctional catalytic activity.
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20
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Chen X, Fan Y, Wu L, Zhang L, Guan D, Ma C, Li N. Ultra-selective molecular-sieving gas separation membranes enabled by multi-covalent-crosslinking of microporous polymer blends. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6140. [PMID: 34686671 PMCID: PMC8536662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance membranes exceeding the conventional permeability-selectivity upper bound are attractive for advanced gas separations. In the context microporous polymers have gained increasing attention owing to their exceptional permeability, which, however, demonstrate a moderate selectivity unfavorable for separating similarly sized gas mixtures. Here we report an approach to designing polymeric molecular sieve membranes via multi-covalent-crosslinking of blended bromomethyl polymer of intrinsic microporosity and Tröger's base, enabling simultaneously high permeability and selectivity. Ultra-selective gas separation is achieved via adjusting reaction temperature, reaction time and the oxygen concentration with occurrences of polymer chain scission, rearrangement and thermal oxidative crosslinking reaction. Upon a thermal treatment at 300 °C for 5 h, membranes exhibit an O2/N2, CO2/CH4 and H2/CH4 selectivity as high as 11.1, 154.5 and 813.6, respectively, transcending the state-of-art upper bounds. The design strategy represents a generalizable approach to creating molecular-sieving polymer membranes with enormous potentials for high-performance separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Yanfang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Linzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Dong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Canghai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Research and Development Center of Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
| | - Nanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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21
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Significantly improved gas separation properties of sulfonated PIM-1 by direct sulfonation using SO3 solution. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Yuan B, Zhang S, Jiang C, Hu P, Cui J, Zhao S, Wang N, Niu QJ. Alicyclic polyamide nanofilms with an asymmetric structure for Cl
−
/
SO
4
2
−
separation. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Chi Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Ping Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Jiabao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Q. Jason Niu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
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23
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Bai G, Xia J, Cao B, Zhang R, Meng J, Li P. Fabrication of high-performance pervaporation composite membrane for alkaline wastewater reclamation. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Zhong W, Yang X, Gao H, Bai Y. Oxygen barrier property of synthesized polyacrylate coatings containing inter‐chain cross‐linking architecture on
PET
film. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang China
- R&D Department Wuxi HIT New Material Research Institute CO., LTD Wuxi Jiangsu China
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25
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Mixed monomer derived porous aromatic frameworks with superior membrane performance for CO2 capture. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Jana A, Bergsman DS, Grossman JC. Adsorption-based membranes for air separation using transition metal oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4502-4512. [PMID: 36133475 PMCID: PMC9418459 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use computational modeling to examine the viability of adsorption-based pore-flow membranes for separating gases when a purely size-based separation strategy is ineffective. Using molecular dynamics simulations of O2 and N2, we model permeation through a nanoporous graphene membrane. Permeation is assumed to follow a five-step adsorption-based pathway, with desorption being the rate-limiting step. Using this model, we observe increased selectivity between O2 and N2, resulting from increased adsorption energy differences. We explore the limits of this strategy, providing an initial set of constraints that need to be satisfied to allow for selectivity. Finally, we provide a preliminary exploration of some transition metal oxides that appear to satisfy those conditions. Using density functional theory calculations, we confirm that these oxides possess adsorption energies needed to operate as adsorption-based pore-flow membranes. These adsorption energies provide a suitable motivation to examine adsorption-based pore-flow membranes as a viable option for air separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - David S Bergsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
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27
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Huang M, Wang Z, Lu K, Fang W, Bi X, Zhang Y, Jin J. In-situ generation of polymer molecular sieves in polymer membranes for highly selective gas separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Tian Q, Mu W, Shi F, Li Y. Simultaneous Increase of Solvent Flux and Rejection of Thin-Film Composite Membranes by Incorporation of Dopamine-Modified Mesoporous Silica. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16241-16250. [PMID: 34179668 PMCID: PMC8223411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film nanocomposite membranes have shown great promise in organic solvent nanofiltration. However, it is challenging to acquire high permeation flux without severe swelling, which might do harm to rejection and long-term stability. In this study, we introduced dopamine-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles into the polyamide (PA) matrix via interfacial polymerization to fabricate a series of thin-film nanocomposite membranes. By using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the aqueous monomer, the modified nanoparticles are designed to be cross-linked within the PA network, which allows the penetration of PEI into the mesopores, and therefore, the membranes show better resistance to solvent-induced swelling and pressure-induced densification. More importantly, the mesopores of nanoparticles provide additional fast channels for solvents, resulting in an unusual enhancement of solvent flux under reduced membrane swelling. Along with the permeation flux, the rejection performance of the nanocomposite membranes is simultaneously improved, thanks to the controlled swelling arising from the strong interfacial adhesion. Thin-film nanocomposite membranes with optimal filler concentration exhibit a high isopropanol permeance of 8.47 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 as well as a quite low-molecular-weight cutoff of 281 Da.
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29
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Li F, Bai Y, Pan Y, Ma J, Zhang S, Shao L. Ultra-robust superwetting hierarchical membranes constructed by coordination complex networks for oily water treatment. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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He T, He J, Wang Z, Cui Z. Modification strategies to improve the membrane hemocompatibility in extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO). ADVANCED COMPOSITES AND HYBRID MATERIALS 2021; 4:847-864. [PMID: 33969267 PMCID: PMC8091652 DOI: 10.1007/s42114-021-00244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Since extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) has been utilized to save countless lives by providing continuous extracorporeal breathing and circulation to patients with severe cardiopulmonary failure. In particular, it has played an important role during the COVID-19 epidemic. One of the important composites of ECMO is membrane oxygenator, and the core composite of the membrane oxygenator is hollow fiber membrane, which is not only a place for blood oxygenation, but also is a barrier between the blood and gas side. However, the formation of blood clots in the oxygenator is a key problem in the using process. According to the study of the mechanism of thrombosis generation, it was found that improving the hemocompatibility is an efficient approach to reduce thrombus formation by modifying the surface of materials. In this review, the corresponding modification methods (surface property regulation, anticoagulant grafting, and bio-interface design) of hollow fiber membranes in ECMO are classified and discussed, and then, the research status and development prospects are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui He
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, Nanjing Tech University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoliang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 210009 Nanjing, China
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31
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Jiang X, He S, Han G, Long J, Li S, Lau CH, Zhang S, Shao L. Aqueous One-Step Modulation for Synthesizing Monodispersed ZIF-8 Nanocrystals for Mixed-Matrix Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11296-11305. [PMID: 33625225 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the monodispersity and surface properties of nanoporous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are crucial for maximizing their performance in advanced nanocomposites for separations. Herein, we developed an in situ method to synthesize monodispersed ZIF-8 nanocrystals with unique dopamine (DA) surface decoration layer (ZIF-8-DA) in an aqueous solution at room temperature. Interestingly, the in situ formation of the monodispersed ZIF-8-DA nanocrystals experiences a triple-stage crystallization process, resulting in a rhombic dodecahedron architecture, which is greatly different from the synthesis of conventional ZIF-8. The crystallinity and abundant microporosity of ZIF-8-DA nanocrystals is well maintained even with the DA surface decoration. Owing to the advanced surface compatibility and pore properties of ZIF-8-DA, ZIF-8-DA/Matrimid mixed-matrix membranes exhibit both higher gas permeability and selectivity than the pristine Matrimid polyimide membrane, which breaks out the traditional "trade-off" phenomena between permeability and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jun Long
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Songwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Cher Hon Lau
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, U.K
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Lu Shao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
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32
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Feng Y, Ren J, Li H, Zhao D, Sheng L, Wu Y, Zhao W, Deng M. Effect of thermal annealing on gas separation performance and aggregation structures of block polyimide membranes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Xu Y, Xu Y, Qiao J, Shi T, Huang Z, Liu Y, Fang M, Min X, Wu X. Flexible polyethylene glycol/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite phase change fibres: Preparation, characterization, and thermal conductivity enhancement. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Guo J, Bao H, Zhang Y, Shen X, Kim JK, Ma J, Shao L. Unravelling intercalation-regulated nanoconfinement for durably ultrafast sieving graphene oxide membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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35
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Haq IU, Wang T, Zhang A, Mao H, Khan R, Xu L, Zhao Z. Fabrication of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks based mixed matrix membranes and mass transfer properties of
C
4
H
6
and
N
2
in membrane separation. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihtisham Ul Haq
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Ao‐Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Heng Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rehan Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Li‐Hao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhi‐Ping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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36
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Yushkin AA, Efimov MN, Malakhov AO, Karpacheva GP, Bondarenko G, Marbelia L, Vankelecom IF, Volkov AV. Creation of highly stable porous polyacrylonitrile membranes using infrared heating. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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37
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Ahmad MZ, Castro-Muñoz R, Budd PM. Boosting gas separation performance and suppressing the physical aging of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) by nanomaterial blending. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23333-23370. [PMID: 33210671 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), especially the firstly introduced PIM-1, have been actively explored for various membrane-based separation purposes and widely recognized as the next generation membrane materials of choice for gas separation due to their ultra-permeable characteristics. Unfortunately, the polymers suffer substantially the negative impacts of physical aging, a phenomenon that is primarily noticeable in high free volume polymers. The phenomenon occurs at the molecular level, which leads to changes in the physical properties, and consequently the separation performance and membrane durability. This review discusses the strategies that have been employed to manage the physical aging issue, with a focus on the approach of blending with nanomaterials to give mixed matrix membranes. A detailed discussion is provided on the types of materials used, their inherent properties, the effects on gas separation performance, and their benefits in the suppression of the aging problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zamidi Ahmad
- Organic Materials Innovation Center (OMIC), Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK.
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38
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Hamta A, Zokaee Ashtiani F, Karimi M, Safikhani A. Manipulating of polyacrylonitrile membrane porosity via SiO
2
and TiO
2
nanoparticles: Thermodynamic and experimental point of view. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Hamta
- Department of Chemical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Karimi
- Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Safikhani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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39
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Han G, Rodriguez KM, Qian Q, Smith ZP. Acid-Modulated Synthesis of High Surface Area Amine-Functionalized MIL-101(Cr) Nanoparticles for CO 2 Separations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine Mizrahi Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qihui Qian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zachary P. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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