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Wang X, Zhang G, Liu B, Wang Y, Zhao C, Pei C, Deng H, Han W, Wang T, Gong J. Scaling-Up of Thin-Film Photoelectrodes for Solar Water Splitting Based on Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1138-1147. [PMID: 36538571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an established method to prepare protective layers for Si-based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Although ALD has been widely used in microelectronics and photovoltaics, it remains a great challenge to design simple and effective ALD systems to deposit large and uniform protective films for Si-based photoelectrodes with industrial sizes. This paper describes the design and realization of a simple ALD chamber configuration for photoelectrodes with large sizes, in which the influence of a gas redistributor over the gas flow and heat transfer during film growth was revealed by computational fluid dynamics simulations and experimental investigations. A simple circular baffle-type redistributor was proposed to establish a uniform gas flow field throughout the ALD reactor, resulting in a uniform temperature profile. With this simple baffle redistributor, the large-area Al2O3 monitor film (46 nm thickness) reached a good nonuniformity (Nu %) of 0.88% over a large area of 256 cm2. This design enables the fabrication of large-scale photocathodes from standard industrial-grade 166 mm Si(100) wafers (276 cm2) by depositing 50 nm TiO2 protective films with Nu % less than 5%. The obtained photocathode achieves a saturation current of 6.45 A with a hydrogen production rate of 43.2 mL/min under outdoor illumination. This work elucidates how flow pattern and heat transfer may influence the deposition of protective layers over large photoelectrodes, providing guidance for future industrial applications of PEC water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yixian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chengjie Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chunlei Pei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Hao Deng
- LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Wei Han
- LONGi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Gu H, Lee DT, Corkery P, Miao Y, Kim J, Yuan Y, Xu Z, Dai G, Parsons GN, Kevrekidis IG, Zhuang L, Tsapatsis M. Modeling of deposit formation in mesoporous substrates via atomic layer deposition: insights from pore‐scale simulation. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Dennis T. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Peter Corkery
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Yurun Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Jung‐Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Yuchen Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Zhen‐liang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Gance Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Gregory N. Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Ioannis G. Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Liwei Zhuang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road Laurel MD USA
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Lee DT, Corkery P, Park S, Jeong HK, Tsapatsis M. Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework Membranes: Novel Synthesis Methods and Progress Toward Industrial Use. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:529-555. [PMID: 35417198 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092320-120148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been studied extensively for their potential as selective separation membranes. In this review, we highlight unique structural properties of ZIFs that allow them to achieve certain important separations, like that of propylene from propane, and summarize the state of the art in ZIF thin-film deposition on porous substrates and their modification by postsynthesis treatments. We also review the reported membrane performance for representative membrane synthesis approaches and attempt to rank the synthesis methods with respect to potential for scalability. To compare the dependence of membrane performance on membrane synthesis methods and operating conditions, we map out fluxes and separation factors of selected ZIF-8 membranes for propylene/propane separation. Finally, we provide future directions considering the importance of further improvements in scalability, cost effectiveness, and stable performance under industrially relevant conditions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis T Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Peter Corkery
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Sunghwan Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Hae-Kwon Jeong
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; .,Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Texas, USA
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