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Baca KR, Al-Barghouti K, Wang N, Bennett MG, Matamoros Valenciano L, May TL, Xu IV, Cordry M, Haggard DM, Haas AG, Heimann A, Harders AN, Uhl HG, Melfi DT, Yancey AD, Kore R, Maginn EJ, Scurto AM, Shiflett MB. Ionic Liquids for the Separation of Fluorocarbon Refrigerant Mixtures. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5167-5226. [PMID: 38683680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses the research being performed on ionic liquids for the separation of fluorocarbon refrigerant mixtures. Fluorocarbon refrigerants, invented in 1928 by Thomas Midgley Jr., are a unique class of working fluids that are used in a variety of applications including refrigeration. Fluorocarbon refrigerants can be categorized into four generations: chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and hydrofluoroolefins. Each generation of refrigerants solved a key problem from the previous generation; however, each new generation has relied on more complex mixtures that are often zeotropic, near azeotropic, or azeotropic. The complexity of the refrigerants used and the fact that many refrigerants form azeotropes when mixed makes handling the refrigerants at end of life extremely difficult. Today, less than 3% of refrigerants that enter the market are recycled. This is due to a lack of technology in the refrigerant reclaim market that would allow for these complex, azeotropic refrigerant mixtures to be separated into their components in order to be effectively reused, recycled, and if needed repurposed. As the market for recovering and reclaiming refrigerants continues to grow, there is a strong need for separation technology. Ionic liquids show promise for separating azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as an entrainer in extractive distillation process. Ionic liquids have been investigated with refrigerants for this application since the early 2000s. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the physical property measurements, equations of state modeling, molecular simulations, separation techniques, and unique materials unitizing ionic liquids for the development of an ionic-liquid-based separation process for azeotropic refrigerant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin R Baca
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Karim Al-Barghouti
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Madelyn G Bennett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Lucia Matamoros Valenciano
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tessie L May
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Irene V Xu
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Max Cordry
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Dorothy M Haggard
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abigail G Haas
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ashley Heimann
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Abby N Harders
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hannah G Uhl
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Diego T Melfi
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Andrew D Yancey
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Rajkumar Kore
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aaron M Scurto
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mark B Shiflett
- Wonderful Institute for Sustainable Engineering, 1536 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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