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Foster SW, Xie X, Hellmig JM, Moura‐Letts G, West WR, Lee ML, Grinias JP. Online monitoring of small volume reactions using compact liquid chromatography instrumentation. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022; 5:213-219. [PMID: 37008988 PMCID: PMC10065474 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of analytical techniques have been employed for monitoring chemical reactions, with online instrumentation providing additional benefits compared to offline analysis. A challenge in the past for online monitoring has been placement of the monitoring instrumentation as close as possible to the reaction vessel to maximize sampling temporal resolution and preserve sample composition integrity. Furthermore, the ability to sample very small volumes from bench-scale reactions allows the use of small reaction vessels and conservation of expensive reagents. In this study, a compact capillary LC instrument was used for online monitoring of as small as 1 mL total volume of a chemical reaction mixture, with automated sampling of nL-scale volumes directly from the reaction vessel used for analysis. Analyses to demonstrate short term (~2 h) and long term (~ 50 h) reactions were conducted using tandem on-capillary ultraviolet absorbance followed by in-line MS detection or ultraviolet absorbance detection alone, respectively. For both short term and long term reactions (10 and 250 injections, respectively), sampling approaches using syringe pumps minimized the overall sample loss to ~0.2% of the total reaction volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob M. Hellmig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - Gustavo Moura‐Letts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | | | - Milton L. Lee
- Axcend LLC Provo Utah USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
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2
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Shan P, Li Z, Wang Q, He Z, Wang S, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Peng S. Self-organizing maps-based generalized feature set selection for model adaption without reference data for batch process. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1188:339205. [PMID: 34794558 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
When fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques combined with multivariate calibration are used to measure the key process features or analyte concentrations during batch process, model adaption is indispensable for maintaining the predictability of a primary calibration model in new secondary batches. Many model adaption methods conforming to the actual application scenario of batch process have been proposed. Here we report on a novel standard-free model adaption method without reference measurement called variable selection strategy with self-organizing maps (VSSOM). It uses self-organizing maps (SOM) to classify the whole spectral variables into multiple classes according to the spectra from primary batch and secondary batch, respectively; and the corresponding primary feature subsets and secondary feature subsets are formed firstly. Secondly, candidate feature subsets without empty elements are generated by operating intersection between any primary feature subsets and any secondary feature subsets. Thirdly, the candidate feature subset with minimum root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) for the primary calibration set is selected as the optimal feature subset. In this manner, the optimal feature subset can be identified from the candidate feature subsets. In other words, VSSOM aims to create a stable and consistent feature subset across different batches provided that it selects better features within the intersection sets between primary feature subsets and any secondary feature subsets. Two batch process datasets (γ-polyglutamic acid fermentation and paeoniflorin extraction) are presented for comparing the VSSOM method with No transfer partial least squares (PLS), boxcar signal transfer (BST), successive projection algorithm (SPA), transfer component analysis (TCA) and domain-invariant iterative partial least squares (DIPALS). Experimental results show that VSSOM has superior performance and comparable prediction performance in all the scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhonghai He
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhui Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Silong Peng
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Kandelhard F, Schuldt K, Schymura J, Georgopanos P, Abetz V. Model‐Assisted Optimization of RAFT Polymerization in Micro‐Scale Reactors—A Fast Screening Approach. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kandelhard
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Karina Schuldt
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Juliane Schymura
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Prokopios Georgopanos
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Geesthacht Institute of Membrane Research Max‐Planck‐Str. 1 Geesthacht 21502 Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6 Hamburg 20146 Germany
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Chiappini FA, Allegrini F, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. Sensitivity for Multivariate Calibration Based on Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12265-12272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A. Chiappini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
| | | | - Héctor C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Química de Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 CABA C1425FQB, Argentina
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de Oliveira RR, Avila C, Bourne R, Muller F, de Juan A. Data fusion strategies to combine sensor and multivariate model outputs for multivariate statistical process control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2151-2163. [PMID: 31960081 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technologies (PAT) applied to process monitoring and control generally provide multiple outputs that can come from different sensors or from different model outputs generated from a single multivariate sensor. This paper provides a contribution to current data fusion strategies for the combination of sensor and/or model outputs in the development of multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) models. Data fusion is explored through three real process examples combining output from multivariate models coming from the same sensor uniquely (in the near-infrared (NIR)-based end point detection of a two-stage polyester production process) or the combination of these outputs with other process variable sensors (using NIR-based model outputs and temperature values in the end point detection of a fluidized bed drying process and in the on-line control of a distillation process). The three examples studied show clearly the flexibility in the choice of model outputs (e.g. key properties prediction by multivariate calibration, process profiles issued from a multivariate resolution method) and the benefit of using MSPC models based on fused information including model outputs towards those based on raw single sensor outputs for both process control and diagnostic and interpretation of abnormal process situations. The data fusion strategy proposed is of general applicability for any analytical or bioanalytical process that produces several sensor and/or model outputs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R de Oliveira
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Claudio Avila
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Frans Muller
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Anna de Juan
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Chen W, Biegler LT, Muñoz SG. A Unified Framework for Kinetic Parameter Estimation Based on Spectroscopic Data with or without Unwanted Contributions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P.R. China
| | - Lorenz T. Biegler
- Center for Advanced Process Decision-Making, Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Salvador García Muñoz
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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7
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Ibrahim A, Kothari BH, Fahmy R, Hoag SW. Prediction of Dissolution of Sustained Release Coated Ciprofloxacin Beads Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Process Parameters: a Data Fusion Approach. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:222. [PMID: 31214900 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the work is to develop a data fusion model using near-infrared (NIR) and process parameters for the predictions of drug dissolution from controlled release multiparticulate beads. Using a design of experiments, ciprofloxacin-coated beads were manufactured and critical process parameters such as air volume, product temperature, curing temperature, and curing time were measured; environmental humidity was monitored using a Pyrobuttons®. The NIR spectra were decomposed using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA scores were fused with process measurements and all variables were autoscaled. The autoscaled variables were regressed against measured dissolution data at 1 h and 2 h time points; the PLS regression used quadratic and cross terms. The NIR spectra only model using data collected at the end of bead curing generated a PLS model using 5 latent variables with R2 equal to 0.245 and 0.299 and RMSECV 13.23 and 13.12 for the 1 h and 2 h dissolution time points, respectively. The low R2 and high root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) values indicate that NIR spectra alone were insufficient to model the drug release. Similar results were obtained for NIR model using data collected at the end of spraying phase. Models with fused spectral and process data yielded better prediction with R2 above 0.88 and RMSECV less than 5% for the 1 h and 2 h dissolution time points. The data fusion model predicted dissolution profiles with an error less than 10%.
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Andris S, Rüdt M, Rogalla J, Wendeler M, Hubbuch J. Monitoring of antibody-drug conjugation reactions with UV/Vis spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 2018; 288:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Celis MT, Contreras B, Forgiarini A, Rosenzweig L. P, Garcia-Rubio LH. Effect of Emulsifier Type on the Characterization of O/W Emulsions Using a Spectroscopy Technique. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1048459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Zhao C, Gao F. Multiset Independent Component Regression (MsICR) Based Statistical Data Analysis and Calibration Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3023302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial
Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200240
| | - Furong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial
Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310007 China
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11
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Xiong H, Gong X, Qu H. Monitoring batch-to-batch reproducibility of liquid–liquid extraction process using in-line near-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Bioreactor monitoring with spectroscopy and chemometrics: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1211-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Zhao C, Gao F. Spectra calibration modeling and statistical analysis for cumulative quality interpretation and prediction. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Zhao C, Gao F. Multiblock-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Spectral Calibration Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100892y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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15
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Zhao C, Gao F, Wang F. Spectra data analysis and calibration modeling method using spectra subspace separation and multiblock independent component regression strategy. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Zhao C, Gao F, Wang F. Phase-Based Joint Modeling and Spectroscopy Analysis for Batch Processes Monitoring. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9005996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
| | - Fuli Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P.R. China
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17
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Celis MT, Gil A, Forgiarini A, Garcia-Rubio LH. Characterization of Monomer Emulsions in Terms of Droplet Size and Stability: Effect of Emulsifier Concentration. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690902735595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Zhao C, Gao F, Yao Y, Wang F. A robust calibration modeling strategy for analysis of interference-subject spectral data. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Celis MT, Forgiarini A, Briceño MI, García-Rubio LH. Spectroscopy measurements for determination of polymer particle size distribution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Cheng JS, Qiao B, Yuan YJ. Comparative proteome analysis of robust Saccharomyces cerevisiae insights into industrial continuous and batch fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 81:327-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Wong CWL, Escott R, Martin E, Morris J. The integration of spectroscopic and process data for enhanced process performance monitoring. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris W. L. Wong
- GlaxoSmithKline Global Manufacturing and Supply, Priory Street, Ware SG12 0DJ, U.K
| | - Richard Escott
- GlaxoSmithKline Chemical Development, Old Powder Mills, Tonbridge TN11 9AN, U.K
| | - Elaine Martin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Julian Morris
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
- Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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Matero S, Pajander J, Soikkeli AM, Reinikainen SP, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Korhonen O, Ketolainen J, Poso A. Predicting the drug concentration in starch acetate matrix tablets from ATR-FTIR spectra using multi-way methods. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 595:190-7. [PMID: 17606000 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The amounts of drug and excipient were predicted from ATR-FTIR spectra using two multi-way modelling techniques, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multi-linear partial least squares (N-PLS). Data matrices consisted of dissolved and undissolved parallel samples having different drug content and spectra, which were collected at axially cut surface of the flat-faced matrix tablets. Spectra were recorded comprehensively at different points on the axially cut surface of the tablet. The sample drug concentrations varied between 2 and 16% v/v. The multi-way methods together with ATR-FTIR spectra seemed to represent an applicable method for the determination of drug and excipient distribution in a tablet during the release process. The N-PLS calibration method was more robust for accurate quantification of the amount of components in the sample whereas the PARAFAC model provided approximate relative amounts of components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Matero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Engelhard S, Kumke MU, Löhmannsröben HG. Examples of the application of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) to beer brewing and polyurethane foaming processes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:1107-12. [PMID: 16007439 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical methods play an important role in process analytical technologies (PAT). Four examples of optical process and quality sensing (OPQS) are presented, which are based on three important experimental techniques: near-infrared absorption, luminescence quenching, and a novel method, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy. These are used to evaluate four process and quality parameters related to beer brewing and polyurethane (PU) foaming processes: the ethanol content and the oxygen (O2) content in beer, the biomass in a bioreactor, and the cellular structures of PU foam produced in a pilot production plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Engelhard
- Institute of Chemistry & Interdisciplinary Center of Photonics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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25
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The integration of process and spectroscopic data for enhanced knowledge extraction in batch processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1570-7946(05)80032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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