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First use of anatomical networks to study modularity and integration of heads, forelimbs and hindlimbs in abnormal anencephalic and cyclopic vs normal human development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7821. [PMID: 31127169 PMCID: PMC6534581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ill-named "logic of monsters" hypothesis of Pere Alberch - one of the founders of modern evo-devo - emphasized the importance of "internal rules" due to strong developmental constraints, linked teratologies to developmental processes and patterns, and contradicted hypotheses arguing that birth defects are related to a chaotic and random disarray of developmental mechanisms. We test these hypotheses using, for the first time, anatomical network analysis (AnNA) to study and compare the musculoskeletal modularity and integration of both the heads and the fore- and hindlimbs of abnormal cyclopic trisomy 18 and anencephalic human fetuses, and of normal fetal, newborn, and adult humans. Our previous works have shown that superficial gross anatomical analyses of these specimens strongly support the "logic of monsters" hypothesis, in the sense that there is an 'order' or 'logic' within the gross anatomical patterns observed in both the normal and abnormal individuals. Interestingly, the results of the AnNA done in the present work reveal a somewhat different pattern: at least concerning the musculoskeletal modules obtained in our AnNA, we observe a hybrid between the "logic of monsters" and the "lack of homeostasis" hypotheses. For instance, as predicted by the latter hypothesis, we found a high level of left-right asymmetry in the forelimbs and/or hindlimbs of the abnormal cyclopic trisomy 18 and anencephalic human fetuses. That is, a network analysis of the organization of/connection between the musculoskeletal structures of these fetuses reveals a more "chaotic" pattern than that detected by superficial gross anatomical comparisons. We discuss the broader developmental, evolutionary, and medical implications of these results.
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Kauvar EF, Solomon BD, Curry CJR, van Essen AJ, Janssen N, Dutra A, Roessler E, Muenke M. Holoprosencephaly and agnathia spectrum: Presentation of two new patients and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:158-69. [PMID: 20104613 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common developmental disorder of the human forebrain, is occasionally associated with the spectrum of agnathia, or virtual absence of the mandible. This condition results in a constellation of structural cerebral and craniofacial abnormalities. Here we present two new patients and review 30 patients from the literature with HPE and variants of agnathia. The majority of these patients are female and have the most severe forms of HPE, with cyclopia present more frequently than is usually observed in cohorts of patients with HPE. Also, many patients have additional clinical findings not typical in patients with classic HPE, particularly situs abnormalities. Recent animal studies suggest that the association of HPE and agnathia may relate to alterations in signaling from forebrain and foregut endoderm organizing centers and subsequent first pharyngeal arch development, although present models are inadequate to explain all of the clinical findings of this enigmatic human syndrome. Further research is required to better elucidate the causal and pathogenic basis of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Kauvar
- Medical Genetics Branch of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
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Depew MJ, Compagnucci C. Tweaking the hinge and caps: testing a model of the organization of jaws. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:315-35. [PMID: 18027841 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Historically, examinations of gnathostome skulls have indicated that for essentially the entirety of their existence, jaws have been characterized by a high degree of fidelity to an initial basic structural design that will then go on to manifest an amazing array of end-point phenotypes. These two traits-bauplan fidelity and elaboration of design-are inter-connected and striking, and beg a number of questions, including: Are all jaws made in the same manner and if not how not? To begin to tackle such questions, we herein operationally define jaws as two appositional, hinged cranial units for which polarity and potential modularity are characteristics, and then address what is necessary for them to form, including delineating both the sources of cells and tissues that will formally yield the jaws as well as what informs their ontogeny (e.g., sources of positional information and factors directing the interpretation of developmental cues). Following on this, we briefly describe a predictive, testable model of jaw development (the "Hinge and Caps" model) and present evidence that the Satb2+cell population in the developing jaw primordia of mice defines a developmentally and evolutionarily significant jaw module such as would be predicted by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Depew
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Goldschmidt B, Lopes C, Moura M, Fasano D, Andrade M, Cysne L, Gonçalves M, Bravin J, Kugelmeier T, Viana C, Silva F, Marinho A. Agnathia and associated malformations in a male rhesus monkey. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:173-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Depew MJ, Simpson CA. 21st century neontology and the comparative development of the vertebrate skull. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1256-91. [PMID: 16598716 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic neontology (comparative embryology and anatomy), through the application of the concept of homology, has demonstrated that the development of the gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) skull is characterized both by a fidelity to the gnathostome bauplan and the exquisite elaboration of final structural design. Just as homology is an old concept amended for modern purposes, so are many of the questions regarding the development of the skull. With due deference to Geoffroy-St. Hilaire, Cuvier, Owen, Lankester et al., we are still asking: How are bauplan fidelity and elaboration of design maintained, coordinated, and modified to generate the amazing diversity seen in cranial morphologies? What establishes and maintains pattern in the skull? Are there universal developmental mechanisms underlying gnathostome autapomorphic structural traits? Can we detect and identify the etiologies of heterotopic (change in the topology of a developmental event), heterochronic (change in the timing of a developmental event), and heterofacient (change in the active capacetence, or the elaboration of capacity, of a developmental event) changes in craniofacial development within and between taxa? To address whether jaws are all made in a like manner (and if not, then how not), one needs a starting point for the sake of comparison. To this end, we present here a "hinge and caps" model that places the articulation, and subsequently the polarity and modularity, of the upper and lower jaws in the context of cranial neural crest competence to respond to positionally located epithelial signals. This model expands on an evolving model of polarity within the mandibular arch and seeks to explain a developmental patterning system that apparently keeps gnathostome jaws in functional registration yet tractable to potential changes in functional demands over time. It relies upon a system for the establishment of positional information where pattern and placement of the "hinge" is driven by factors common to the junction of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the first arch and of the "caps" by the signals emanating from the distal-most first arch midline and the lamboidal junction (where the maxillary branch meets the frontonasal processes). In this particular model, the functional registration of jaws is achieved by the integration of "hinge" and "caps" signaling, with the "caps" sharing at some critical level a developmental history that potentiates their own coordination. We examine the evidential foundation for this model in mice, examine the robustness with which it can be applied to other taxa, and examine potential proximate sources of the signaling centers. Lastly, as developmental biologists have long held that the anterior-most mesendoderm (anterior archenteron roof or prechordal plate) is in some way integral to the normal formation of the head, including the cranial skeletal midlines, we review evidence that the seminal patterning influences on the early anterior ectoderm extend well beyond the neural plate and are just as important to establishing pattern within the cephalic ectoderm, in particular for the "caps" that will yield medial signaling centers known to coordinate jaw development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Depew
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom.
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Faye-Petersen O, David E, Rangwala N, Seaman JP, Hua Z, Heller DS. Otocephaly: report of five new cases and a literature review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2006; 25:277-96. [PMID: 17438667 DOI: 10.1080/15513810601123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Otocephaly, characterized by mandibular hypoplasia or agnathia, ventromedial auricular malposition (melotia) and/or auricular fusion (synotia), and microstomia with oroglossal hypoplasia or aglossia, is an extremely rare anomalad, identified in less than 1 in 70,000 births. The malformation spectrum is essentially lethal, because of ventilatory problems, and represents a developmental field defect of blastogenesis primarily affecting thefirst branchial arch derivatives. Holoprosencephaly is the most commonly identified association, but skeletal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular anomalies, and situs inversus have been reported. Polyhydramnios may be the presenting feature, but prenatal diagnosis has been uncommon. We present five new cases of otocephaly, the largest published series to date, with comprehensive review of the literature and an update of research in the etiopathogenesis of this malformation complex. One of our cases had situs inversus, and two presented with unexplained polyhydramnios. Otocephaly, while quite rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this gestational complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Faye-Petersen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 07101, USA
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Abstract
This is the story of a textbook that students of developmental biology have used for 45 years. "An Introduction to Embryology" was released soon after a role for genes in the control of development became finally recognized but not yet well documented. Thus this book manifested the transition from embryology to developmental biology. The story of its author, Boris Balinsky, who against all odds survived to write this book, is remarkable on its own. He started his scientific career in the USSR, but due to 20th century social and political upheavals, ended it in South Africa. This article will shed light on the life of Boris Balinsky, a scientist and writer and will explore the origins of his book.
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Reinecke P, Figge C, Majewski F, Borchard F. Otocephaly and holoprosencephaly in only one monozygotic twin. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 119A:395-6. [PMID: 12784314 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schiffer C, Tariverdian G, Schiesser M, Thomas MC, Sergi C. Agnathia-otocephaly complex: Report of three cases with involvement of two different Carnegie stages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 112:203-8. [PMID: 12244557 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three fetuses with agnathia-otocephaly complex representing different degrees of embryonic maldevelopment are reported. The study of the three cases and of the anterior embryonic disc supports the concept that an altered embryologic development might have taken place at Carnegie stages 10 (embryonic days 22 or 23) and 11 (embryonic days 23-26). Karyotypic abnormalities and aberrant gene expression of sonic hedgehog and paired-related homeobox genes are discussed as the cytogenetic and molecular basis of agnathia-otocephaly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schiffer
- Genetische Poliklinik, Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hide T, Hatakeyama J, Kimura-Yoshida C, Tian E, Takeda N, Ushio Y, Shiroishi T, Aizawa S, Matsuo I. Genetic modifiers of otocephalic phenotypes inOtx2heterozygous mutant mice. Development 2002; 129:4347-57. [PMID: 12183386 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.18.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mice heterozygous for the Otx2 mutation display a craniofacial malformation, known as otocephaly or agnathia-holoprosencephaly complex. The severity of the phenotype is dependent on the genetic background of a C57BL/6 (B6) strain; most of the offspring of Otx2 knock-out chimeras, which are equivalent to the F1 of CBA and B6 strains, backcrossed with B6 females display reduction or loss of mandible, whereas those backcrossed with CBA females do not show noticeable phenotype at birth. The availability of phenotypically disparate strains renders identification of Otx2 modifier loci possible. In this study, a backcross of chimera with B6 was generated and genome-wide scans were conducted with polymorphic markers for non-mendelian distribution of alleles in Otx2 heterozygous mutant mice displaying abnormalities in the lower jaw. We identified one significant locus, Otmf18, between D18Mit68 and D18Mit120 on chromosomes 18, linked to the mandibular phenotype (LOD score 3.33). A similar replication experiment using a second backcross (N3) mouse demonstrated the presence of another significant locus, Otmf2 between D2Mit164 and D2Mit282 on chromosome 2, linked to the mandibular phenotype (LOD score 3.93). These two modifiers account for the distribution of the craniofacial malformations by the genetic effect between B6 and CBA strains. Moreover, Otmf2 contain a candidate gene for several diseases in mice and humans. These genetic studies involving an otocephalic mouse model appear to provide new insights into mechanistic pathways of craniofacial development. Furthermore, these experiments offer a powerful approach with respect to identification and characterization of candidate genes that may contribute to human agnathia-holoprosencephaly complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuichiro Hide
- Present address: Vertebrate Body Plan Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami Cho, Chuou-Ku, Kobe, Hyougo 650-0047, Japan
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Cohen MM, Shiota K. Teratogenesis of holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 109:1-15. [PMID: 11932986 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Teratogenic causes of holoprosencephaly are critically assessed. A brief general review of holoprosencephaly is followed by four tables summarizing etiologic factors. Subjects evaluated here include: 1) maternal diabetes; 2) ethyl alcohol; 3) retinoic acid; 4) mutated genes and teratogens involving the sonic hedgehog signaling network and cholesterol biosynthesis; and 5) cholesterol trafficking, sterol adducts, target tissue response, and sterol sensing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Utkus A, Kazakevicius R, Ptasekas R, Kucinskas V, Beckwith JB, Opitz JM. Human anotocephaly (aprosopus, acrania-synotia) in the Vilnius anatomical collection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 101:163-71. [PMID: 11391661 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A genetic theory of "multifactorial" malformations, i.e., anomalies of blastogenesis or organogenesis, involving polygenic predisposition with morphogenetic threshold effect, was developed by Sewall Wright in the 1920s and remains an essential basis of birth defects biology. Because of the phenomenon of universality, i.e., the deployment of identical inductive, or pattern-forming, upstream molecular mechanisms during the earliest stages of mammalian morphogenesis, Wright's work on guinea pig otocephaly is highly pertinent to "corresponding," i.e., homologous malformations in humans. This concept is illustrated on the hand of a human fetus in the Vilnius (Lithuania) Pathological Museum with anotocephaly, i.e., anencephaly and otocephaly so severe as to correspond to Wright's guinea pig otocephaly grade 11 or 12. The observation also supports our apology for old museums and old books as repositories for anomalies, no less important for their rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Utkus
- Human Genetics Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Oyanagi M, Matsuo I, Wakabayashi Y, Aizawa S, Kominami R. Mouse homeobox-containing gene, Otx2, maps to mouse chromosome 14. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:292-3. [PMID: 9096118 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Oyanagi
- First Laboratory of Biochemistry, Niigata University School of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachidori, Niigata-951, Japan
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Matsuo I, Kuratani S, Kimura C, Takeda N, Aizawa S. Mouse Otx2 functions in the formation and patterning of rostral head. Genes Dev 1995; 9:2646-58. [PMID: 7590242 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.21.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anterior part of the vertebrate head expresses a group of homeo box genes in segmentally restricted patterns during embryogenesis. Among these, Otx2 expression covers the entire fore- and midbrains and takes place earliest. To examine its role in development of the rostral head, a mutation was introduced into this locus. The homozygous mutants did not develop structures anterior to rhombomere 3, indicating an essential role of Otx2 in the formation of the rostral head. In contrast, heterozygous mutants displayed craniofacial malformations designated as otocephaly; affected structures appeared to correspond to the most posterior and most anterior domains of Otx expression where Otx1 is not expressed. The homo- and heterozygous mutant phenotypes suggest Otx2 functions as a gap-like gene in the rostral head where Hox code is not present. The evolutionary significance of Otx2 mutant phenotypes was discussed for the innovation of the neurocranium and the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matsuo
- Department of Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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Johnston MC, Bronsky PT. Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1995; 6:368-422. [PMID: 8664424 DOI: 10.1177/10454411950060040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances are radically altering our concepts of normal prenatal craniofacial development. These include concepts of germ layer formation, the establishment of the initial head plan in the neural plate, and the manner in which head segmentation is controlled by regulatory (homeobox) gene activity in neuromeres and their derived neural crest cells. There is also a much better appreciation of ways in which new cell associations are established. For example, the associations are achieved by neural crest cells primarily through cell migration and subsequent cell interactions that regulate induction, growth, programmed cell death, etc. These interactions are mediated primarily by two groups of regulatory molecules: "growth factors" (e.g., FGF and TGF alpha) and the so-called steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid superfamily. Considerable advances have been made with respect to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in primary and secondary palate formation, such as growth, morphogenetic movements, and the fusion/merging phenomenon. Much progress has been made on the mechanisms involved in the final differentiation of skeletal tissues. Molecular genetics and animal models for human malformations are providing many insights into abnormal development. A mouse model for the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a mild form of holoprosencephaly, demonstrates a mid-line anterior neural plate deficiency which leads to olfactory placodes being positioned too close to the mid-line, and other secondary changes. Work on animal models for the retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) shows that there is major involvement of neural crest cells. There is also major crest cell involvement in similar syndromes, apparently including hemifacial microsomia. Later administration of retinoic acid prematurely and excessively kills ganglionic placodal cells and leads to a malformation complex virtually identical to the Treacher Collins syndrome. Most clefts of the lip and/or palate appear to have a multifactorial etiology. Genetic variations in TGF alpha s, RAR alpha s, NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in oxidative metabolism, and cytochrome P-450, a detoxifying enzyme, have been implicated as contributing genetic factors. Cigarette smoking, with the attendant hypoxia, is a probable contributing environmental factor. It seems likely that few clefts involve single major genes. In most cases, the pathogenesis appears to involve inadequate contact and/or fusion of the facial prominences or palatal shelves. Specific mutations in genes for different FGF receptor molecules have been identified for achondroplasia and Crouzon's syndrome, and in a regulatory gene (Msx2) for one type of craniosynostosis. Poorly co-ordinated control of form and size of structures, or groups of structures (e.g., teeth and jaws), by regulatory genes should do much to explain the very frequent "mismatches" found in malocclusions and other dentofacial "deformities". Future directions for research, including possibilities for prevention, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Johnston
- Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Johnston MC, Bronsky PT. Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1995; 6:25-79. [PMID: 7632866 DOI: 10.1177/10454411950060010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances are radically altering our concepts of normal prenatal craniofacial development. These include concepts of germ layer formation, the establishment of the initial head plan in the neural plate, and the manner in which head segmentation is controlled by regulatory (homeobox) gene activity in neuromeres and their derived neural crest cells. There is also a much better appreciation of ways in which new cell associations are established. For example, the associations are achieved by neural crest cells primarily through cell migration and subsequent cell interactions that regulate induction, growth, programmed cell death, etc. These interactions are mediated primarily by two groups of regulatory molecules: "growth factors" (e.g., FGF and TGFalpha) and the so-called steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid superfamily. Considerable advances have been made with respect to our understanding of mechanisms involved in primary and secondary palate formation, such as growth, morphogenetic movements, and the fusion/merging phenomenon. Much progress has been made on the mechanisms involved in the final differentiation of skeletal tissues. Molecular genetics and animal models for human malformations are providing many insights into abnormal development. A mouse model for the fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS), a mild form of holoprosencephaly, demonstrates a mid-line anterior neural plate deficiency which leads to olfactory placodes being positioned too close to the mid-line, and other secondary changes. Work on animal models for the retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) shows that there is major involvement of neural crest cells. There is also major crest cell involvement in similar syndromes, apparently including hemifacial microsomia. Later administration of retinoic acid prematurely and excessively kills ganglionic placodal cells and leads to a malformation complex virtually identical to the Treacher Collins syndrome. Most clefts of the lip and/or palate appear to have a multifactorial etiology. Genetic variations in TGF alpha s, RAR alpha s, NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in oxidative metabolism, and cytochrome P-450, a detoxifying enzyme, have been implicated as contributing genetic factors. Cigarette smoking, with the attendant hypoxia, is a probable contributing environmental factor. It seems likely that few clefts involve single major genes. In most cases, the pathogenesis appears to involve inadequate contact and/or fusion of the facial prominences or palatal shelves. Specific mutations in genes for different FGF receptor molecules have been identified for achondroplasia and Crouzon's syndrome, and in a regulatory gene (Msx2) for one type of craniosynostosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Johnston
- Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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Sankaranarayanan K, Yasuda N, Chakraborty R, Tusnady G, Czeizel A. Ionizing radiation and genetic risks. V. Multifactorial diseases: A review of epidemiological and genetic aspects of congenital abnormalities in man and of models on maintenance of quantitative traits in populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(94)90009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stoler JM, Holmes LB. A case of agnathia, situs inversus, and a normal central nervous system. TERATOLOGY 1992; 46:213-6. [PMID: 1523578 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420460304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report here a premature female infant with agnathia, low-set but normally formed ears, a downward eye slant, choanal atresia and a cleft palate. She had severe respiratory distress and died despite maximum intervention at 5 days of age. Autopsy revealed situs inversus totalis; crossed fused renal ectopia; agnathia; normal thyroid, larynx, trachea, and bronchi; incomplete lobation of the lungs; immature pulmonary development with early hyaline membranes; and a normal central nervous system. This lack of significant central nervous system abnormalities distinguishes this infant from the majority of previously reported infants with agnathia and situs inversus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Stoler
- Embryology-Teratology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Abstract
One of the founders of the Museum Vrolikianum, Professor Willem Vrolik (1801-1862), was very interested in teratology, especially in a congenital malformation termed cyclopia. In 1834 he published a paper on cyclopia. This work was mainly based on studies of cyclopic specimens present in the collection of his father, Professor Gerardus Vrolik. In this study he proposed a classification system for cyclopes, in which he divided them into five main types. This study also formed the basis for the chapters on cyclopia in his Handbook of pathological anatomy (1842-1844) and his Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mammalium (1844-1849). In these studies the specimens of cyclopes of man and mammals, still present in the collection of the Museum Vrolik in the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the University of Amsterdam, were described and illustrated with beautiful lithographs. The collection consists of five human cyclopes and nineteen other cyclopic mammals. These mammals are pigs, lambs and a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baljet
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kamiji T, Takagi T, Akizuki T, Kurukata M, Ohmori K. A long surviving case of holoprosencephaly agnathia series. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 1991; 44:386-9. [PMID: 1873621 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1226(91)90155-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rare syndrome of the agnathia with microstomia, aglossia, synotia (the external ears approaching one another in the midline) and brain malformation (agnathia-holoprosencephaly) was reported by Pauli et al. (1983) as a developmental field defect. This syndrome has two subgroups. One is more severe with brain malformation (holoprosencephaly), and the other is less severe without brain malformation. This report presents a long surviving case of this syndrome without brain malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kamiji
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Japan
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Rolland M, Sarramon MF, Bloom MC. Astomia-agnathia-holoprosencephaly association. Prenatal diagnosis of a new case. Prenat Diagn 1991; 11:199-203. [PMID: 2038601 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A case of agnathia-astomia-holoprosencephaly with prenatal ultrasound diagnosis at 23 weeks is reported and discussed. This lethal neurocristopathy, well known in mammalians, is rarely observed in humans. Prenatal diagnosis features are intrauterine growth retardation, mandibular absence or major hypoplasia, holoprosencephaly, cyclopia or hypotelorism, and in some instances frontal proboscis. This malformation is usually sporadic, but may be genetically determined as an autosomal recessive trait, since two cases in the same sibship have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rolland
- Service de Medicine Infantile B, Hospital de la Grave, Toulouse, France
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Hersh JH, McChane RH, Rosenberg EM, Powers WH, Corrigan C, Pancratz L. Otocephaly-midline malformation association. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 34:246-9. [PMID: 2817004 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320340223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Otocephaly ("agnathia") is a developmental field complex with structural defects limited to the craniofacial region. Previously, two infants with otocephaly, situs inversus totalis, renal defects, and vertebral and rib abnormalities were reported by Pauli et al. [Teratology 23:85-93, 1981]. We describe a similarly affected infant male, supporting the existence of this midline malformation association. A generalized disturbance in cell migration from the primitive streak may be its pathogenesis. A search for additional patients among cases of otocephaly may establish its prevalence, patterns of associated anomalies, and cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Hersh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Kentucky
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Cohen MM. Perspectives on holoprosencephaly: Part III. Spectra, distinctions, continuities, and discontinuities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 34:271-88. [PMID: 2683788 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320340232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper attempts to balance our knowledge of holoprosencephalic spectra and continuities with important distinctions and discontinuities. Prevalence studies and syndrome delineation are briefly reviewed. The following topics receive detailed coverage: human teratogens, special aspects of forebrain and hindbrain malformations, aprosencephaly/atelencephaly, association with neural tube defects, current assessment of "facial principles," and endocrine abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculties of Dentistry and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Cohen MM. Perspectives on holoprosencephaly: Part I. Epidemiology, genetics, and syndromology. TERATOLOGY 1989; 40:211-35. [PMID: 2688166 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an updated, comprehensive, critical review of the epidemiology, genetics, and syndromic aspects of holoprosencephaly and is divided into four parts. In the first part, epidemiologic aspects are discussed under the following headings: prevalence, temporal trends, socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental teratogens, maternal and paternal ages, pregnancy histories, and birth weights. The second part analyzes the facial phenotypes because the genetic and syndromic aspects of holoprosencephaly cannot be understood without knowledge of facial variability and its meaning. Topics discussed include cyclopia, ethmocephaly, cebocephaly, median cleft lip, and less severe facial dysmorphism. The third section, on genetics, analyzes associated anomalies, chromosomal and non-chromosomal holoprosencephaly, family studies, twin studies, genetics of nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly, and recurrence risks. The final section on syndromology summarizes 48 conditions in which some degree of holoprosencephaly may be a feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Leech RW, Bowlby LS, Brumback RA, Schaefer GB. Agnathia, holoprosencephaly, and situs inversus: report of a case. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1988; 29:483-90. [PMID: 3287921 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320290303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the first documented case of agnathia-holoprosencephaly (an uncommon form of craniofacial anomaly) associated with situs inversus. This case may represent the concordance of multiple field complex anomalies, but the possibility of a major midline malformation (situs inversus) caused by a timed insult (environmental or genetic) which affects multiple structures and occurs concurrently with a major field defect during early embryogenesis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Leech
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City 73190
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Abstract
This study describes the gross anatomic variations observed in a 32-week male fetus diagnosed as having otocephaly. Special attention was given to the muscular, peripheral nervous, and vascular systems of the entire body. External features included approximation of the ears on the front of the neck, underdevelopment of the lower jaw, and a small oral cavity. The mandible, maxillae, and zygomatic bones were smaller than normal and appeared shifted in a ventrocaudal direction. The middle ear ossicles were fused and abnormally positioned. The tongue was positioned abnormally and malformed. The muscles of mastication were fused in the midline and formed the floor of the oral cavity. The variations were similar to the spectrum of abnormalities reported in two cases in the literature. Because of this finding, it is possible that the causative events leading to these deviations were similar in the three cases. Possible mechanisms are considered which could lead to the observed malformations seen in these cases. There were also several muscle and nerve anomalies outside of the head region.
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Wright S. The first Meckel oration: on the causes of morphological differences in a population of guinea pigs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1984; 18:591-616. [PMID: 6486164 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320180408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The first morphological abnormality considered here was of a very superficial sort: deviations from the smooth coat of wild cavies and most guinea pigs. The deviations of "rough-furred" individuals range from a single irregularity or a single pair of rosettes to the "full rough" pattern. Roughness may be restricted to the hind toes, forehead, or hair around the eyes or belly, or (very rarely) to a small area on one side of the back. There is no indication of gene control in the last, and no analysis of the only strain (in Professor Castle's laboratory) that I have seen, of roughness restricted to the belly. A dominant gene, R, in combination with a semidominant modifier, M, account for the fancier roughs (R-MM toes only, R-mm full rough). A gene, st, that is completely dominant in the absence of R, semidominant in its presence, was descended from 3 animals from outside the colony. It accounts for a large forehead rosette, usually with a small white spot in front of its center. A statistically semidominant gene, Re, with extremely irregular, often asymmetric penetrance tends to cause rosettes about the eyes. This arose by mutation late in the history of the Whitman colony. It is strengthened by presence of R MM. Considerable variation occurs in the numbers of dorsal rosettes of R Mm and R mm. These have not been analyzed satisfactorily because the genetic differences are confounded by nongenetic ones. It is not practicable to summarize briefly all of the complex interaction effects of these factors, but it may be noted that the most surprising one had to do with genes St and R. The forehead rosette due to rr St closely resembles that of R mm (except for the absence of the pleiotropic white spot). The combination, R mm St St, shows none of the expected enhancement but instead shows nearly complete cancellation of the rosette. Moreover, the anterior dorsal rosettes of R mm st st are much reduced and seemingly shoved backward and laterally to give a large smooth shield back of the ears. St St also reduces the usual dorsal pair of rosettes of R Mm. With St st, all of these antagonistic effects are weaker and less regular. Another morphological deviation to be considered was the fairly common restoration of an atavistic little toe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Opitz JM. Introduction of Sewall Wright on the occasion of receiving the first Meckel medal and prize in mammalian developmental genetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1984; 18:587-90. [PMID: 6385707 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320180407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pauli RM, Pettersen JC, Arya S, Gilbert EF. Familial agnathia-holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1983; 14:677-98. [PMID: 6846401 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320140411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two stillborn sisters had characteristics of both agnathia and holoprosencephaly. Familial occurrence implies that agnathia-holoprosencephaly may be determined by a single recessive gene, something to be taken into account when counseling such families. Evidence from human experience and various animal models suggests that agnathia-holoprosencephaly represents a causally heterogeneous single developmental field defect. Anatomical studies of these two stillborn sisters support the view that they shared a developmental field defect which affected structures in the face, cranial cavity, and upper neck. The pathogenesis of these variably expressed defects probably relates to defects in neural crest cells of cranial origin and/or to underlying mesodermal support elements of these cells.
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Meiniel R. Neuromuscular blocking agents and axial teratogenesis in the avian embryo. Can axial morphogenetic disorders by explained by pharmacological action upon muscle tissue? TERATOLOGY 1981; 23:259-71. [PMID: 7196602 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420230211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the embryotoxic and teratogenic activities of various chemical agents known to have neuromuscular blocking properties was done on the quail embryo. Intrinsic embryotoxic activity and teratogenicity were evaluated for each agent, and the qualitative nature of the teratogenic effects was correlated with the pharmacologic properties of the different effectors. Gross malformations (contorted posture) were found only with agents which directly (cholinergic agonists) or indirectly (cholinesterase inhibitors) favor muscle membrane depolarization, suggesting that such malformations may be due to muscle contraction following depolarization. All of the agents studied produced variable degrees of vertebral fusion, apparently due to paralysis resulting either from sustained depolarization (cholinesterase inhibitors and cholinergic agonists) or directly from cholinergic blockade (cholinergic antagonists and neurotoxins).
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Pauli RM, Graham JM, Barr M. Agnathia, situs inversus, and associated malformations. TERATOLOGY 1981; 23:85-93. [PMID: 7245093 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420230111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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Gimeno M, Dominguez L, Climent S, Götzens VJ. [Congenital malformations in the sheep: cyclocephalus]. Anat Histol Embryol 1980; 9:129-33. [PMID: 6450547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1980.tb00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Proudman JA, Wentworth BC. Ontogenesis of plasma growth hormone in large and midget white strains of turkeys. Poult Sci 1980; 59:906-13. [PMID: 7189590 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0590906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny of growth hormone (GH) secretion was determined in large and midget white strains of turkeys from day 14 of embryonic development through 32 weeks of age. The strains of turkeys used differed markedly in early growth rate, and exhibited a twofold difference in body size. Growth hormone was not detected in the plasma of either strain prior to day 25 of incubation, and was not found in most birds until the day before hatching. A highly significant (fivefold) increase in plasma GH concentration occurred between hatching and 2 weeks of age in both strains followed by a decline to 1.4% of peak values by 16 and 24 weeks in the large and midget white strains, respectively. Peak levels of circulating GH did not differ between strains, but the rate of decline to adult levels was significantly faster in the large white birds. Sex differences in plasma GH levels were observed only in the large white strain and only between the ages of 9 and 18 weeks. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between weekly percentage rate of growth and plasma GH concentration in both strains, while age and GH concentration were negatively correlated. These results suggest that growth hormone may nor be important in the developing embryo, but may be associated with growth during the rapid phase of postembryonic growth. The slow growth strain was characterized by elevated GH levels, indicating that physiological changes related to depressed growth may occur at some point subsequent to pituitary GH secretion.
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SCHOM C, KIT J. Genetic and Environmental Control of Avian Embryos’ Response to a Teratogen. Poult Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0590473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Schom CB, Abbott UK. Temporal, morphological, and genetic responses of avian embryos to Azodrin, an organophosphate insecticide. TERATOLOGY 1977; 15:81-7. [PMID: 841484 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420150111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Azodrin on avian development was studied using a bobwhite quail line and two chicken lines--a single comb White Leghorn (SCWL) and an Australorp line. The bobwhite quail embryos did not respond to injections of Azodrin until stages 22 to 23 (6 days of incubation); the SCWL embryos, not until stage 18 (3 days of incubation) with increasing susceptibility through stage 20. The threshold concentration, at stage 19, for the SCWL was 0.4 mg/kg, for the Australorp, less. Within one hour of treatment stage-20 embryo shape was altered. There was, however, no immediate response from embryos treated earlier. The effect appeared as a reduced growth rate in the cervical flexure, and may be mediated by interference with the normal energy balance. The response, once initiated, was continuous through 10 days of incubation.
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Das Gupta S, Sen SK. Malposition of the midbrain and hindbrain without any clinical manifestations. Indian J Pediatr 1976; 43:287-9. [PMID: 1025009 DOI: 10.1007/bf02751584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Four children, two girls and two boys, were found to have a short arm deletion of chromosome No. 18. Three of them exhibit a typical dysmorphy of the face showing retraction of the midface, broad-based, flat nose, hypertelorism, epicanthus, "carp mouth", big, protruding, and low set ears, as well as a variable number of Turner-like features, failure of growth, mental retardation, and muscular hypotonia. A newly born child, who died at 2 days of age exhibited severe brain defects of holoprosencephalic series. The clinical and cytogenetic findings are compared with the reviewed data of the 18 p deletion. The hypothesis of "gene-dosis compensation" is discussed in order to explain the variable phenotypical expression of 18 p-syndrome as there is obviously to correlation between the extent of the deficiency and the expression of malformations.
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ROGERS KT. Experimental production of perfect cyclopia by removal of the telencephalon and reversal of bilateralization in somite-stage chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964; 115:487-507. [PMID: 14211393 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001150306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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SILAGI S. A genetical and embryological study of partial complementation between lethal alleles at the T locus of the house mouse. Dev Biol 1962; 5:35-67. [PMID: 13912798 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(62)90003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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�ber Doppelbildungen in die Leibesh�hle verpflanzter Fl�gelimaginalscheiben vonEphestia k�hniella Z. Dev Genes Evol 1958; 150:401-424. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01342566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1957] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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FITCH N. An embryological analysis of two mutants in the house mouse, both producing cleft palate. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1957; 136:329-61. [PMID: 13525591 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401360208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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48
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Lehmann FE. Die embryonale Entwicklung. Entwicklungsphysiologie und experimentelle Teratologie. ENTWICKLUNG · WACHSTUM I 1955. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-94649-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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