1
|
Carman CV, Martinelli R. T Lymphocyte-Endothelial Interactions: Emerging Understanding of Trafficking and Antigen-Specific Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:603. [PMID: 26635815 PMCID: PMC4657048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunity requires regulated trafficking of T cells in and out of diverse tissues in order to orchestrate lymphocyte development, immune surveillance, responses, and memory. The endothelium serves as a unique barrier, as well as a sentinel, between the blood and the tissues, and as such it plays an essential locally tuned role in regulating T cell migration and information exchange. While it is well established that chemoattractants and adhesion molecules are major determinants of T cell trafficking, emerging studies have now enumerated a large number of molecular players as well as a range of discrete cellular remodeling activities (e.g., transmigratory cups and invadosome-like protrusions) that participate in directed migration and pathfinding by T cells. In addition to providing trafficking cues, intimate cell-cell interaction between lymphocytes and endothelial cells provide instruction to T cells that influence their activation and differentiation states. Perhaps the most intriguing and underappreciated of these "sentinel" roles is the ability of the endothelium to act as a non-hematopoietic "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cell. Close contacts between circulating T cells and antigen-presenting endothelium may play unique non-redundant roles in shaping adaptive immune responses within the periphery. A better understanding of the mechanisms directing T cell trafficking and the antigen-presenting role of the endothelium may not only increase our knowledge of the adaptive immune response but also empower the utility of emerging immunomodulatory therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chemokine triggered integrin activation and actin remodeling events guiding lymphocyte migration across vascular barriers. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:632-41. [PMID: 21376176 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine signals activate leukocyte integrins and actin remodeling machineries critical for leukocyte adhesion and motility across vascular barriers. The arrest of leukocytes at target blood vessel sites depends on rapid conformational activation of their α4 and β2 integrins by the binding of endothelial-displayed chemokines to leukocyte Gi-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). A universal regulator of this event is the integrin-actin adaptor, talin1. Chemokine-stimulated GPCRs can transmit within fractions of seconds signals via multiple Rho GTPases, which locally raise plasma membrane levels of the talin activating phosphatidyl inositol, PtdIns(4,5)P2 (PIP2). Additional pools of GPCR stimulated Rac-1 and Rap-1 GTPases together with GPCR stimulated PLC and PI3K family members regulate the turnover of focal contacts of leukocyte integrins, induce the collapse of leukocyte microvilli, and promote polarized leukocyte crawling in search of exit cues. Concomitantly, other leukocyte GTPases trigger invasive protrusions into and between endothelial cells in search of basolateral chemokine exit cues. We will review here major findings and open questions related to these sequential guiding activities of endothelial presented chemokines, focusing mainly on lymphocyte-endothelial interactions as a paradigm for other leukocytes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Trinidad EM, Zapata AG, Alonso-Colmenar LM. Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling comes into the context of lymphocyte transendothelial migration. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:363-7. [PMID: 20400865 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.11586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that govern leukocyte trafficking is of major relevance for the clinics. Both normal and pathologic extravasation of lymphocytes are a fine-tuned spatio-temporal event of migratory path-finding likely regulated by molecular guidance cues underlying cell movements in other systems. We have recently reported that members of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, namely EphA2 and one of its ligands, ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) can mediate in the traffic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and presumably of normal B cells between the blood and the tissues. The importance of EphA2-EFNA4 interactions at the endothelium-lymphocyte interface during TEM could rely on their attractive/repulsive properties. In the present work, we expand on those results by including additional insights and new suggestions for future studies that discuss the relevance of these molecules in overall cell adhesion dynamic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Trinidad
- Microscopy and Cytometry Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carman CV. Mechanisms for transcellular diapedesis: probing and pathfinding by 'invadosome-like protrusions'. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3025-35. [PMID: 19692589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-system functions require that blood leukocytes continuously traffic throughout the body and repeatedly cross endothelial barriers (i.e. diapedese) as they enter (intravasate) and exit (extravasate) the circulation. The very earliest studies to characterize diapedesis directly in vivo suggested the coexistence of two distinct migratory pathways of leukocytes: between (paracellular pathway) and directly through (transcellular pathway) individual endothelial cells. In vivo studies over the past 50 years have demonstrated significant use of the transcellular diapedesis pathway in bone marrow, thymus, secondary lymphoid organs, various lymphatic structures and peripheral tissues during inflammation and across the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier during inflammatory pathology. Recently, the first in vitro reports of transcellular diapedesis have emerged. Together, these in vitro and in vivo observations suggest a model of migratory pathfinding in which dynamic 'invadosome-like protrusions' formed by leukocytes have a central role in both identifying and exploiting endothelial locations that are permissive for transcellular diapedesis. Such 'probing' activity might have additional roles in this and other settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Carman CV, Springer TA. Trans-cellular migration: cell-cell contacts get intimate. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:533-40. [PMID: 18595683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trans-cellular migration, the movement of one cell directly through another, seems an unlikely, counterintuitive, and even bizarre process. Trans-cellular migration has been reported for nearly half a century in leukocyte transendothelial migration in vivo, but is not well enough accepted to widely feature in textbook accounts of diapedesis. Recently, the first in vitro and additional in vivo observations of trans-cellular diapedesis have been reported. Mechanisms by which this occurs are just beginning to be elucidated and point to podosome-like protrusive activities in leukocytes and specific fusogenic functions in endothelial cells. Emerging evidence for a quantitatively significant contribution of trans-cellular migration to leukocyte trafficking in increasingly diverse settings suggests that this phenomenon represents an important and physiologic cell biological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Carman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carman CV, Sage PT, Sciuto TE, de la Fuente MA, Geha RS, Ochs HD, Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM, Springer TA. Transcellular diapedesis is initiated by invasive podosomes. Immunity 2007; 26:784-97. [PMID: 17570692 PMCID: PMC2094044 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diapedesis is critical for immune system function and inflammatory responses. This occurs by migration of blood leukocytes either directly through individual microvascular endothelial cells (the "transcellular" route) or between them (the "paracellular" route). Mechanisms for transcellular pore formation in endothelium remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that lymphocytes used podosomes and extended "invasive podosomes" to palpate the surface of, and ultimately form transcellular pores through, the endothelium. In lymphocytes, these structures were dependent on Src kinase and the actin regulatory protein WASP; inhibition of podosome formation selectively blocked the transcellular route of diapedesis. In endothelium, membrane fusion events dependent on the SNARE-containing membrane fusion complex and intracellular calcium were required for efficient transcellular pore formation in response to podosomes. These findings provide insights into basic mechanisms for leukocyte trafficking and the functions of podosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V. Carman
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter T. Sage
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tracey E. Sciuto
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Raif S. Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Harold F. Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ann M. Dvorak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- *Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paku S, Döme B, Tóth R, Timár J. Organ-specificity of the extravasation process: an ultrastructural study. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 18:481-92. [PMID: 11592305 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011858925376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The process of extravasation of the high metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma line was examined in different organs. Four of the five organs (liver, lungs, brain and adrenals) represent the most frequent metastatic sites in humans. In the case of each organ 150-350 tumor cells were analysed. The interaction of tumor cells with endothelial cells and the basement membrane showed significant differences between the organs. In the liver and lungs, endothelial cells were found to migrate onto the surface of the tumor cells, resulting in the removal of tumor cells from the circulation. The process was initiated by development of cytoplasmic projections on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells. In the liver only half of the tumor cells showed basement membrane degradation even after 24 h, although 6 h after injection 40% of the tumor cells were sequestered from the circulation. In the adrenals and brain, tumor cells were not covered by endothelial cells instead, limited retraction of endothelial cells was followed by penetration of the basement membrane. In the kidney both types of tumor cell-endothelial cell interactions were observed, but the process of extravasation was not completed, stopping as the tumor cells reached the basement membrane or the mesangial matrix. The time course of tumor cell extravasation also showed significant differences between the organs. The process was most rapid in case of the liver and adrenals. By 6 h 40-50% of the tumor cells were in the process of extravasation or were in an extracapillary position. These organs are preferential metastatic sites of this tumor line. The time of extravasation was much longer in the other organs (lungs 16 h, brain 48 h), for which this tumor line shows no preference. CONCLUSIONS (1) Type and duration of tumor cell extravasation differ between the organs. (2) The time needed to reach extraluminal position, but not the type of extravasation correlates with the organ preference. (3) Endothelial cells of the lungs and liver can play a much more active role in the process of extravasation than previously suggested. (4) Tumor cells can complete the metastatic process without reaching a complete extracapillary position; contact with the basement membrane or extracellular matrix seems to be sufficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Paku
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Joint Research Organization of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sáez JC, Brañes MC, Corvalán LA, Eugenín EA, González H, Martínez AD, Palisson F. Gap junctions in cells of the immune system: structure, regulation and possible functional roles. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:447-55. [PMID: 10775310 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junction channels are sites of cytoplasmic communication between contacting cells. In vertebrates, they consist of protein subunits denoted connexins (Cxs) which are encoded by a gene family. According to their Cx composition, gap junction channels show different gating and permeability properties that define which ions and small molecules permeate them. Differences in Cx primary sequences suggest that channels composed of different Cxs are regulated differentially by intracellular pathways under specific physiological conditions. Functional roles of gap junction channels could be defined by the relative importance of permeant substances, resulting in coordination of electrical and/or metabolic cellular responses. Cells of the native and specific immune systems establish transient homo- and heterocellular contacts at various steps of the immune response. Morphological and functional studies reported during the last three decades have revealed that many intercellular contacts between cells in the immune response present gap junctions or "gap junction-like" structures. Partial characterization of the molecular composition of some of these plasma membrane structures and regulatory mechanisms that control them have been published recently. Studies designed to elucidate their physiological roles suggest that they might permit coordination of cellular events which favor the effective and timely response of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Sáez
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chapter 25: Gap Junctions in Inflammatory Responses: Connexins, Regulation and Possible Functional Roles. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)61029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
11
|
Alves LA, de Carvalho AC, Savino W. Gap junctions: a novel route for direct cell-cell communication in the immune system? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:269-75. [PMID: 9639992 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Alves
- Dept of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silletti S, Paku S, Raz A. Tumor cell motility and metastasis : Autocrine motility factor as an example of ecto/exoenzyme cytokines. Pathol Oncol Res 1997; 3:230-54. [PMID: 18470736 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/1997] [Accepted: 09/19/1997] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular locomotion plays a critical role in such normal processes as embryonic development, tissue segregation, as well as the infiltration of fibroblasts and vascular cells during wound repair and the inflammatory responses of the adult immune system. During tumor invasion and metastasis the processes of cell migration achieve dire significance. Disruption of normal homeostatic mechanisms to benefit the survival of the individual tumor cell is a common theme discovered during the characterization of factors once thought to be tumor-specific. One such molecule, tumor cell autocrine motility factor, was so described and has only recently been identified as a normal protein involved in intracellular glycolysis as well as implicated as an extracellular effector of normal cell functions including survival of certain populations of neurons. This molecule represents a member of the newly emerging family of intracellular enzymes whose disparate functions as extracellular mediators of cellular responses defines a new class of ecto/exoenzymes which play a role in normal cellular processes and are inappropriately utilized by tumor cells to elicit new survival strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Silletti
- Departments of Immunology and Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jara PI, Boric MP, Sáez JC. Leukocytes express connexin 43 after activation with lipopolysaccharide and appear to form gap junctions with endothelial cells after ischemia-reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:7011-5. [PMID: 7624360 PMCID: PMC41461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.15.7011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels and subcellular distribution of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, were studied in hamster leukocytes before and after activation with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) both in vitro and in vivo. Untreated leukocytes did not express Cx43. However, Cx43 was clearly detectable by indirect immunofluorescence in cells treated in vitro with LPS (1 micrograms/ml, 3 hr). Cx43 was also detected in leukocytes obtained from the peritoneal cavity 5-7 days after LPS-induced inflammation. In some leukocytes that formed clusters Cx43 immunoreactivity was present at appositional membranes, suggesting formation of homotypic gap junctions. In cell homogenates of activated peritoneal macrophages, Cx43, detected by Western blot analysis, was mostly unphosphorylated. A second in vivo inflammatory condition studied was that induced by ischemia-reperfusion of the hamster cheek pouch. In this system, leukocytes that adhered to venular endothelial cells after 1 hr of ischemia, followed by 1 hr of reperfusion, expressed Cx43. Electron microscope observations revealed small close appositions, putative gap junctions, at leukocyte-endothelial cell and leukocyte-leukocyte contacts. These results indicate that the expression of Cx43 can be induced in leukocytes during an inflammatory response which might allow for heterotypic or homotypic intercellular gap junctional communication. Gap junctions may play a role in leukocyte extravasation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P I Jara
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Bruyn PP, Cho Y. Structure and function of high endothelial postcapillary venules in lymphocyte circulation. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1990; 84 ( Pt 1):85-101. [PMID: 2292200 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75519-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|