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Nosrati Gazafroudi K, Mailänder LK, Daniels R, Kammerer DR, Stintzing FC. From Stem to Spectrum: Phytochemical Characterization of Five Equisetum Species and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Potential. Molecules 2024; 29:2821. [PMID: 38930889 PMCID: PMC11206348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Equisetaceae family, commonly known as horsetails, has been of scientific interest for decades due to its status as one of the most ancient extant vascular plant families. Notably, the corresponding species have found their place in traditional medicine, offering a wide array of applications. This study presents a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of polar secondary metabolites within the sterile stems of five distinct Equisetum species using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. For this purpose, fresh plant material was extracted with acetone/water, and the resulting crude extracts were fractionated using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. The results reveal a complex array of compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. In addition, total phenolic contents (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH assay) of the plant extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. The present comparative analysis across the five species highlights both shared and species-specific metabolites, providing valuable insights into their chemical diversity and potential pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Nosrati Gazafroudi
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (K.N.G.); (L.K.M.); (D.R.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Lilo K. Mailänder
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (K.N.G.); (L.K.M.); (D.R.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, DE-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Dietmar R. Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (K.N.G.); (L.K.M.); (D.R.K.)
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, Section Phytochemical Research, Wala Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstraße 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (K.N.G.); (L.K.M.); (D.R.K.)
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2
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Ramírez-Barahona S. Incorporating fossils into the joint inference of phylogeny and biogeography of the tree fern order Cyatheales. Evolution 2024; 78:919-933. [PMID: 38437579 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Present-day geographic and phylogenetic patterns often reflect the geological and climatic history of the planet. Neontological distribution data are often sufficient to unravel a lineage's biogeographic history, yet ancestral range inferences can be at odds with fossil evidence. Here, I use the fossilized birth-death process and the dispersal-extinction cladogenesis model to jointly infer the dated phylogeny and range evolution of the tree fern order Cyatheales. I use data for 101 fossil and 442 extant tree ferns to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the group over the last 220 million years. Fossil-aware reconstructions evince a prolonged occupancy of Laurasia over the Triassic-Cretaceous by Cyathealean tree ferns, which is evident in the fossil record but hidden from analyses relying on neontological data alone. Nonetheless, fossil-aware reconstructions are affected by uncertainty in fossils' phylogenetic placement, taphonomic biases, and specimen sampling and are sensitive to interpretation of paleodistributions and how these are scored. The present results highlight the need and challenges of incorporating fossils into joint inferences of phylogeny and biogeography to improve the reliability of ancestral geographic range estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramírez-Barahona
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Ito K, Sugawara S, Kageyama S, Sawaguchi N, Hyotani T, Miyazawa SI, Makino A, Suzuki Y. Equisetum praealtum and E. hyemale have abundant Rubisco with a high catalytic turnover rate and low CO 2 affinity. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:255-264. [PMID: 38112982 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of Rubisco, a key enzyme for photosynthesis, have been examined in numerous plant species. However, this information on some plant groups, such as ferns, is scarce. This study examined Rubisco carboxylase activity and leaf Rubisco levels in seven ferns, including four Equisetum plants (E. arvense, E. hyemale, E. praealtum, and E. variegatum), considered living fossils. The turnover rates of Rubisco carboxylation (kcatc) in E. praealtum and E. hyemale were comparable to those in the C4 plants maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), whose kcatc values are high. Rubisco CO2 affinity, estimated from the percentage of Rubisco carboxylase activity under CO2 unsaturated conditions in kcatc in these Equisetum plants, was low and also comparable to that in maize and sorghum. In contrast, kcatc and CO2 affinities of Rubisco in other ferns, including E. arvense and E. variegatum were comparable with those in C3 plants. The N allocation to Rubisco in the ferns examined was comparable to that in the C3 plants. These results indicate that E. praealtum and E. hyemale have abundant Rubisco with high kcatc and low CO2 affinity, whereas the carboxylase activity and abundance of Rubisco in other ferns were similar to those in C3 plants. Herein, the Rubisco properties of E. praealtum and E. hyemale were discussed regarding their evolution and physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ito
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Sota Kageyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Naoki Sawaguchi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takuro Hyotani
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Amane Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Present address: Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
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4
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Coiro M. Embracing uncertainty: The way forward in plant fossil phylogenetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16282. [PMID: 38334302 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Although molecular phylogenetics remains the most widely used method of inferring the evolutionary history of living groups, the last decade has seen a renewed interest in morphological phylogenetics, mostly driven by the promises that integrating the fossil record in phylogenetic trees offers to our understanding of macroevolutionary processes and dynamics and the possibility that the inclusion of fossil taxa could lead to more accurate phylogenetic hypotheses. The plant fossil record presents some challenges to its integration in a phylogenetic framework. Phylogenies including plant fossils often retrieve uncertain relationships with low support, or lack of resolution. This low support is due to the pervasiveness of morphological convergence among plant organs and the fragmentary nature of many plant fossils, and it is often perceived as a fundamental weakness reducing the utility of plant fossils in phylogenetics. Here I discuss the importance of uncertainty in morphological phylogenetics and how we can identify important information from different patterns and types of uncertainty. I also review a set of methodologies that can allow us to understand the causes underpinning uncertainty and how these practices can help us to further our knowledge of plant fossils. I also propose that a new visual language, including the use of networks instead of trees, represents an improvement on the old visualization based on consensus trees and more adequately serves phylogeneticists working with plant fossils. This set of methods and visualization tools represents an important way forward in a fundamental field for our understanding of the evolutionary history of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Coiro
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, USA
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Kundu S, Hazra T, Chakraborty T, Bera S, Khan MA. Evidence of the oldest extant vascular plant (horsetails) from the Indian Cenozoic. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:569-589. [PMID: 37936814 PMCID: PMC10625922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Equisetum (Equisetaceae) has long been a focus of attention for botanists and palaeontologists because, given its extensive and well-documented fossil record, it is considered the oldest extant vascular plant and a key element in understanding vascular plant evolution. However, to date, no authentic fossil evidence of Equisetum has been found from the Indian Cenozoic. Here, we describe a new fossil species, namely, E. siwalikum sp. nov., recovered from the middle Siwalik (Late Miocene) sediments of Himachal Pradesh, western Himalaya. We identified fossil specimens based on morphological and epidermal characters. In addition, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the mineral composition of compressed stems of Equisetum. The close affinity of our recovered Siwalik fossils to Equisetum is supported by the presence of both macromorphological and epidermal characters. Because Equisetum generally grows in wet conditions around water reservoirs, our findings indicate that the fossil locality was humid and surrounded by swamp and lowland regions during deposition. Ample fossil evidence indicates that this sphenopsid once existed in the western Himalaya during the Siwalik period. However, at present Equisetum is confined to a particular area of our fossil locality, probably a consequence of severe environmental changes coupled with competition from opportunistic angiosperms. Our discovery of Equisetum fossils in appreciable numbers from the Siwalik sediments of the Himachal Himalayas is unique and constitutes the first reliable recognition of Equisetum from the Indian Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Kundu
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Taposhi Hazra
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
| | - Tapan Chakraborty
- Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Bera
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Mahasin Ali Khan
- Palaeobotany and Palynology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia 723104, India
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Satjarak A, Graham LE, Trest MT, Zedler J, Knack JJ, Arancibia-Avila P. Nitrogen fixation and other biogeochemically important features of Atacama Desert giant horsetail plant microbiomes inferred from metagenomic contig analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:65-75. [PMID: 35533355 PMCID: PMC9295926 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Canyon stream beds in the hyperarid Atacama Desert surprisingly harbour magnificent groves of endemic giant horsetail wetland plants, Equisetum xylochaetum. Our previous metagenomic study of eukaryotes closely associated with this plant indicated that the microbiome included prokaryotes that might likewise influence host success and environment. We explored this possibility by using the metagenomic sequence to characterize prokaryote taxa and functional genes present in the microbiome of E. xylochaetum sampled from remote sites differing in the degree of anthropogenic disturbance. We focused on biogeochemical functions known to be important in wetland ecosystems. METHODS To ensure that analyses were conducted on microbes most closely associated with plants, we extracted DNA from well-washed plant organs whose microbial biofilms were revealed with scanning electron microscopy. To assess the benefits of longer sequences for taxonomic and gene classifications, results of analyses performed using contigs were compared with those obtained with unassembled reads. We employed methods widely used to estimate genomic coverage of single taxa for genomic analysis to infer relative abundances of taxa and functional genes. KEY RESULTS Key functional bacterial genera (e.g. Hydrogenophaga, Sulfuritalea and Rhodoferax) inferred from taxonomic and functional gene analysis of contigs - but not unassembled reads - to occur on surfaces of (or within) plants at relatively high abundance (>50× genomic coverage) indicated roles in nitrogen, sulfur and other mineral cycling processes. Comparison between sites revealed impacts on biogeochemical functions, e.g. reduced levels of the nifH gene marker under disturbance. Vanadium nitrogenases were more important than molybdenum nitrogenases, indicated by both functional genes and taxa such as Rhodomicrobium and Phaeospirillum inferred from contigs but not unassembled reads. CONCLUSIONS Our contig-based metagenomic analyses revealed that microbes performing key wetland biogeochemical functions occur as tightly adherent biofilms on the plant body, not just in water or sediments, and that disturbance reduces such functions, providing arguments for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda E Graham
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marie T Trest
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joy Zedler
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer J Knack
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Differential Accumulation of Metabolites and Transcripts Related to Flavonoid, Styrylpyrone, and Galactolipid Biosynthesis in Equisetum Species and Tissue Types. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050403. [PMID: 35629907 PMCID: PMC9146389 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three species of the genus Equisetum (E. arvense, E. hyemale, and E. telmateia) were selected for an analysis of chemical diversity in an ancient land plant lineage. Principal component analysis of metabolomics data obtained with above-ground shoot and below-ground rhizome extracts enabled a separation of all sample types, indicating species- and organ-specific patterns of metabolite accumulation. Follow-up efforts indicated that galactolipids, carotenoids, and flavonoid glycosides contributed positively to the separation of shoot samples, while stryrylpyrone glycosides and phenolic glycosides were the most prominent positive contributors to the separation of rhizome samples. Consistent with metabolite data, genes coding for enzymes of flavonoid and galactolipid biosynthesis were found to be expressed at elevated levels in shoot samples, whereas a putative styrylpyrone synthase gene was expressed preferentially in rhizomes. The current study builds a foundation for future endeavors to further interrogate the organ and tissue specificity of metabolism in the last living genus of a fern family that was prevalent in the forests of the late Paleozoic era.
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Plastid Genome of Equisetum xylochaetum from the Atacama Desert, Chile and the Relationships of Equisetum Based on Frequently Used Plastid Genes and Network Analysis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11071001. [PMID: 35406981 PMCID: PMC9002811 DOI: 10.3390/plants11071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The modern pteridophyte genus Equisetum is the only survivor of Sphenopsida, an ancient clade known from the Devonian. This genus, of nearly worldwide distribution, comprises approximately 15 extant species. However, genomic information is limited. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of the giant species Equisetum xylochaetum from a metagenomic sequence and compared the plastid genome structure and protein-coding regions with information available for two other Equisetum species using network analysis. Equisetum chloroplast genomes showed conserved traits of quadripartite structure, gene content, and gene order. Phylogenetic analysis based on plastome protein-coding regions corroborated previous reports that Equisetum is monophyletic, and that E. xylochaetum is more closely related to E. hyemale than to E. arvense. Single-gene phylogenetic estimation and haplotype analysis showed that E. xylochaetum belonged to the subgenus Hippochaete. Single-gene haplotype analysis revealed that E. arvense, E. hyemale, E. myriochaetum, and E. variegatum resolved more than one haplotype per species, suggesting the presence of a high diversity or a high mutation rate of the corresponding nucleotide sequence. Sequences from E. bogotense appeared as a distinct group of haplotypes representing the subgenus Paramochaete that diverged from Hippochaete and Equisetum. In addition, the taxa that were frequently located at the joint region of the map were E. scirpoides and E. pratense, suggesting the presence of some plastome characters among the Equiseum subgenera.
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Tomescu AMF, Rothwell GW. Fossils and plant evolution: structural fingerprints and modularity in the evo-devo paradigm. EvoDevo 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 35236418 PMCID: PMC8892741 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossils constitute the principal repository of data that allow for independent tests of hypotheses of biological evolution derived from observations of the extant biota. Traditionally, transformational series of structure, consisting of sequences of fossils of the same lineage through time, have been employed to reconstruct and interpret morphological evolution. More recently, a move toward an updated paradigm was fueled by the deliberate integration of developmental thinking in the inclusion of fossils in reconstruction of morphological evolution. The vehicle for this is provided by structural fingerprints-recognizable morphological and anatomical structures generated by (and reflective of) the deployment of specific genes and regulatory pathways during development. Furthermore, because the regulation of plant development is both modular and hierarchical in nature, combining structural fingerprints recognized in the fossil record with our understanding of the developmental regulation of those structures produces a powerful tool for understanding plant evolution. This is particularly true when the systematic distribution of specific developmental regulatory mechanisms and modules is viewed within an evolutionary (paleo-evo-devo) framework. Here, we discuss several advances in understanding the processes and patterns of evolution, achieved by tracking structural fingerprints with their underlying regulatory modules across lineages, living and fossil: the role of polar auxin regulation in the cellular patterning of secondary xylem and the parallel evolution of arborescence in lycophytes and seed plants; the morphology and life history of early polysporangiophytes and tracheophytes; the role of modularity in the parallel evolution of leaves in euphyllophytes; leaf meristematic activity and the parallel evolution of venation patterns among euphyllophytes; mosaic deployment of regulatory modules and the diverse modes of secondary growth of euphyllophytes; modularity and hierarchy in developmental regulation and the evolution of equisetalean reproductive morphology. More generally, inclusion of plant fossils in the evo-devo paradigm has informed discussions on the evolution of growth patterns and growth responses, sporophyte body plans and their homology, sequences of character evolution, and the evolution of reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru M. F. Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521 USA
| | - Gar W. Rothwell
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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Batir-Marin D, Boev M, Cioanca O, Mircea C, Burlec AF, Beppe GJ, Spac A, Corciova A, Hritcu L, Hancianu M. Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Enhancing Properties of Selective Equisetum Extracts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092565. [PMID: 33924900 PMCID: PMC8124630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterile stems belonging to the Equisetum species are often used in traditional medicine of various nations, including Romanians. They are highly efficient in treating urinary tract infections, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract infections, and medical skin conditions due to their content of polyphenolic derivatives that have been isolated. In this regard, this study aimed to provide the chemical composition of the extracts obtained from the Equisetum species (E. pratense, E. sylvaticum, E. telmateia) and to investigate the biological action in vitro and in vivo. For the chemical characterization of the analyzed Equisetum species extracts, studies were performed by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-DAD). In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts obtained from these species of Equisetum genus was determined. The neuroprotective activity of these three ethanolic extracts from the Equisetum species using zebrafish tests was determined in vivo. All obtained results were statistically significant. The results indicate that E. sylvaticum extract has a significant antioxidant activity; whereas, E. pratense extract had anxiolytic and antidepressant effects significantly higher than the other two extracts used. All these determinations indicate promising results for the antioxidant in vitro tests and neuroprotective activity of in vivo tests, particularly mediated by their active principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Batir-Marin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.B.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Monica Boev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (D.B.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Oana Cioanca
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-232-301-815
| | - Cornelia Mircea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Ana Flavia Burlec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Galba Jean Beppe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon;
| | - Adrian Spac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Andreia Corciova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Lucian Hritcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Hancianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.M.); (A.F.B.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
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11
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Christenhusz MJM, Chase MW, Fay MF, Hidalgo O, Leitch IJ, Pellicer J, Viruel J. Biogeography and genome size evolution of the oldest extant vascular plant genus, Equisetum (Equisetaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:681-695. [PMID: 33598697 PMCID: PMC8052921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extant plant groups with a long fossil history are key elements in understanding vascular plant evolution. Horsetails (Equisetum, Equisetaceae) have a nearly continuous fossil record dating back to the Carboniferous, but their phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns are still poorly understood. We use here the most extensive phylogenetic analysis to date as a framework to evaluate their age, biogeography and genome size evolution. METHODS DNA sequences of four plastid loci were used to estimate divergence times and investigate the biogeographic history of all extant species of Equisetum. Flow cytometry was used to study genome size evolution against the framework of phylogenetic relationships in Equisetum. KEY RESULTS On a well-supported phylogenetic tree including all extant Equisetum species, a molecular clock calibrated with multiple fossils places the node at which the outgroup and Equisetum diverged at 343 Mya (Early Carboniferous), with the first major split among extant species occurring 170 Mya (Middle Jurassic). These dates are older than those reported in some other recent molecular clock studies but are largely in agreement with a timeline established by fossil appearance in the geological record. Representatives of evergreen subgenus Hippochaete have much larger genome sizes than those of deciduous subgenus Equisetum, despite their shared conserved chromosome number. Subgenus Paramochaete has an intermediate genome size and maintains the same number of chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS The first divergences among extant members of the genus coincided with the break-up of Pangaea and the resulting more humid, warmer climate. Subsequent tectonic activity most likely involved vicariance events that led to species divergences combined with some more recent, long-distance dispersal events. We hypothesize that differences in genome size between subgenera may be related to the number of sperm flagellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J M Christenhusz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark W Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael F Fay
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Laboratori de Botànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Pellicer
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Pereira JBS, Giulietti AM, Prado J, Vasconcelos S, Watanabe MTC, Pinangé DSB, Oliveira RRM, Pires ES, Caldeira CF, Oliveira G. Plastome-based phylogenomics elucidate relationships in rare Isoëtes species groups from the Neotropics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 161:107177. [PMID: 33866010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Isoëtes is globally distributed. Within the Neotropics, Isoëtes occurs in various habitats and ecosystems, making it an interesting case study to address phylogenetic and biogeographic questions. We sequenced and assembled plastomes and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in Isoëtes from tropical regions in the Neotropics. The ploidy level of nine taxa was established to address the potential source of phylogenetic incongruence in the genus. Node ages were estimated using MCMCTree. The ancestral range estimates were conducted in BioGeoBEARS. Plastome-based phylogenies were congruent throughout distinct matrices and partition schemes, exhibiting high support for almost all nodes. Whereas, we found incongruences between the rDNA and plastome datasets. Chromosome counts identified three diploids, five tetraploids and one likely hexaploid among Neotropical species. Plastome-based node age estimates showed that the radiation of the crown Isoëtes group occurred at 20 Ma, with the diversification of the tropical American (TAA) clade taking place in the Pleistocene at 1.7 Ma. Ancestral range estimates showed that the ancestor of the TAA clade may have evolved first in the dry diagonal area in South America before reaching more humid regions. In addition, the colonization of the Brazilian semiarid region occurred three times, while the occupation of the Cerrado and Amazon regions occurred twice and once, respectively. Our study showed a large unobserved diversity within the genus in warm-dry regions in the Neotropics. Plastomes provided sufficient genomic information to establish a robust phylogenetic framework to answer evolutionary questions in Isoëtes from the Neotropics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Maria Giulietti
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Prado
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Depto de Zoologia e Botânica, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diego S B Pinangé
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Depto de Genética, Manaus, Brazil
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Pryer KM, Tomasi C, Wang X, Meineke EK, Windham MD. Using computer vision on herbarium specimen images to discriminate among closely related horsetails ( Equisetum). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11372. [PMID: 32626613 PMCID: PMC7328651 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Equisetum is a distinctive vascular plant genus with 15 extant species worldwide. Species identification is complicated by morphological plasticity and frequent hybridization events, leading to a disproportionately high number of misidentified specimens. These may be correctly identified by applying appropriate computer vision tools. METHODS We hypothesize that aerial stem nodes can provide enough information to distinguish among Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, and E . ×ferrissii, the latter being a hybrid between the other two. An object detector was trained to find nodes on a given image and to distinguish E. hyemale nodes from those of E. laevigatum. A classifier then took statistics from the detection results and classified the given image into one of the three taxa. Both detector and classifier were trained and tested on expert manually annotated images. RESULTS In our exploratory test set of 30 images, our detector/classifier combination identified all 10 E. laevigatum images correctly, as well as nine out of 10 E. hyemale images, and eight out of 10 E. ×ferrissii images, for a 90% classification accuracy. DISCUSSION Our results support the notion that computer vision may help with the identification of herbarium specimens once enough manual annotations become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Tomasi
- Department of Computer ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina27708USA
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Computer ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina27708USA
| | - Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
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Niklas KJ, Crepet WL. Morphological (and not anatomical or reproductive) features define early vascular plant phylogenetic relationships. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:477-488. [PMID: 32107771 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Perhaps the most rapid period of vascular plant evolution occurred during the Silurian-Devonian time interval. Yet, few quantitative analyses have established the extent to which anatomical, morphological, or reproductive features contributed to this episode of tracheophyte diversification. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses were performed using a newly revised matrix of 54 characters (with 158 character states) of 37 of the best-preserved Paleozoic (predominantly Devonian) plants. Equisetum was included to determine whether it aligns with fossil sphenopsids or taxa collectively considered "ferns". The topology of the 54-character consensus tree was then compared to the topologies generated using only reproductive features (18 characters; 47 character states), only anatomical features (14 characters; 54 character states), only morphological features (22 characters; 57 character states), and the three pairwise combinations (e.g., anatomical and morphological characters). RESULTS The new 54-character tree topology continued to identify a trimerophyte-euphyllophyte clade and a zosterophyllophyte-lycophyte clade emerging from a Cooksonia-rhyniophyte plexus. Equisetum aligned with fossil sphenopsids rather than fern-like fossil taxa. Reproductive characters or anatomical characters analyzed in isolation resulted in nearly complete polytomy. Among the various permutations of the three categories, anatomical and morphological characters when combined provided the best restoration of the 54-character tree topology. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic relationships among the canonical fossil taxa used in this analysis predominantly reflect morphological trends. Reproductive and anatomical features taken in isolation appear to be evolutionarily conservative characters, i.e., natural selection "sees" the external phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - William L Crepet
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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Aung AT, Huang J, Do TV, Song A, Liu J, Zhou ZK, Su T. Three new fossil records of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 138:3-15. [PMID: 31988601 PMCID: PMC6969027 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.138.38674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three fossil species of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) were reported from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam, based on well-preserved rhizomes with tubers. Equisetum cf. pratense Ehrhart from the middle Miocene of Zhenyuan County, Yunnan Province, China is characterised by a bunch of three ovate tubers with longitudinal ridges on the surface. Equisetum yenbaiense A.T. Aung, T. Su, T.V. Do & Z.K. Zhou, sp. nov. from the late Miocene of Yenbai Province, Vietnam is characterised by four bunches of elongate tubers arranged in a whorl on a node. Equisetum yongpingense A.T. Aung, T. Su & Z.K. Zhou, sp. nov. from the late Pliocene of Yunnan is characterised by fibrous roots on most nodes and two to four bunches of large cylindrical tubers arranged in a whorl on a node. Floristic assemblages suggest that these species might have grown near a riverside or lakeshore. These new fossil records improve our understanding of species richness of Equisetum and their distribution range during the Neogene in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Thida Aung
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, MyanmarSoutheast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of SciencesYezinChina
| | - Jian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Truong Van Do
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100803, VietnamVietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, VietnamGraduate University of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
| | - Ai Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- Research Center for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jia Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
| | - Zhe-Kun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, ChinaSoutheast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of SciencesYezinMyanmar
| | - Tao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, ChinaXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, MyanmarSoutheast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of SciencesYezinChina
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Tipke I, Bücker L, Middelstaedt J, Winterhalter P, Lubienski M, Beuerle T. HILIC HPLC-ESI-MS/MS identification and quantification of the alkaloids from the genus Equisetum. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:669-678. [PMID: 31115949 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The plant family Equisetaceae (Equisetopsida, Monilophyta; common name: horsetails) is part of an ancient group of spore producing plants. Today, Equisetum is the only surviving genus comprising 15 species in two subgenera (Equisetum and Hippochaete). Several unique alkaloids are described to occur in this genus, so far there is very little data on the occurrence and the amount of those alkaloids for the different species. OBJECTIVE To establish an extraction method and an analytical method to detect and quantify the relevant Equisetum-type alkaloids and to create a quantitative data set on the alkaloid content of all Equisetum species worldwide. METHODOLOGY Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC HPLC-MS/MS) in electrospray ionisation (ESI) positive mode was used to analyse and quantify the alkaloid content of 68 Equisetum samples. RESULTS The presence of nicotine in at least one sample of each Equisetum species could be demonstrated. The total nicotine amount rarely exceeded 250 μg/kg and 50 μg/kg for the subgenus Equisetum and Hippochaete, respectively. Besides nicotine, Equisetum-type alkaloids (mainly palustrine and palustridiene) were only detected in three species, namely E. palustre, E. bogotense and E. giganteum. For E. giganteum, palustridiene was detected at levels around the limit od detection (LoD) (25 μg/kg), whereas in E. palustre and E. bogotense, both alkaloids (palustrine and palustridiene) were detected at much higher levels (20-800 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS All Equisetum species occurring worldwide were successfully subjected to a detailed qualitative and quantitative alkaloid analysis using a newly developed HILIC-HPLC-ESIpos-MS/MS approach. The data set can be used to distinguish different Equisetum-chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Tipke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luise Bücker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johanna Middelstaedt
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcus Lubienski
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr, Braunschweig, Germany
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Clark JW, Puttick MN, Donoghue PCJ. Origin of horsetails and the role of whole-genome duplication in plant macroevolution. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191662. [PMID: 31662084 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has occurred commonly in land plant evolution and it is often invoked as a causal agent in diversification, phenotypic and developmental innovation, as well as conferring extinction resistance. The ancient and iconic lineage of Equisetum is no exception, where WGD has been inferred to have occurred prior to the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, coincident with WGD events in angiosperms. In the absence of high species diversity, WGD in Equisetum is interpreted to have facilitated the long-term survival of the lineage. However, this characterization remains uncertain as these analyses of the Equisetum WGD event have not accounted for fossil diversity. Here, we analyse additional available transcriptomes and summarize the fossil record. Our results confirm support for at least one WGD event shared among the majority of extant Equisetum species. Furthermore, we use improved dating methods to constrain the age of gene duplication in geological time and identify two successive Equisetum WGD events. The two WGD events occurred during the Carboniferous and Triassic, respectively, rather than in association with the K-Pg boundary. WGD events are believed to drive high rates of trait evolution and innovations, but analysed trends of morphological evolution across the historical diversity of Equisetum provide little evidence for further macroevolutionary consequences following WGD. WGD events cannot have conferred extinction resistance to the Equisetum lineage through the K-Pg boundary since the ploidy events occurred hundreds of millions of years before this mass extinction and we find evidence of extinction among fossil polyploid Equisetum lineages. Our findings precipitate the need for a review of the proposed roles of WGDs in biological innovation and extinction survival in angiosperm and non-angiosperm lineages alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clark
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mark N Puttick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.,Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Rothwell GW, Escapa IH, Tomescu AMF. Tree of death: The role of fossils in resolving the overall pattern of plant phylogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1239-1242. [PMID: 30114314 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gar W Rothwell
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ignacio H Escapa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Museo Paleontologico Egidio Feruglio, Avenida Fontana 140, Trelew, Chubut, 9100, Argentina
| | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
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