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Wegner L, Ehlers K. Plasmodesmata dynamics in bryophyte model organisms: secondary formation and developmental modifications of structure and function. PLANTA 2024; 260:45. [PMID: 38965075 PMCID: PMC11224097 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Developing bryophytes differentially modify their plasmodesmata structure and function. Secondary plasmodesmata formation via twinning appears to be an ancestral trait. Plasmodesmata networks in hornwort sporophyte meristems resemble those of angiosperms. All land-plant taxa use plasmodesmata (PD) cell connections for symplasmic communication. In angiosperm development, PD networks undergo an extensive remodeling by structural and functional PD modifications, and by postcytokinetic formation of additional secondary PD (secPD). Since comparable information on PD dynamics is scarce for the embryophyte sister groups, we investigated maturating tissues of Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort), Physcomitrium patens (moss), and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort). As in angiosperms, quantitative electron microscopy revealed secPD formation via twinning in gametophytes of all model bryophytes, which gives rise to laterally adjacent PD pairs or to complex branched PD. This finding suggests that PD twinning is an ancient evolutionary mechanism to adjust PD numbers during wall expansion. Moreover, all bryophyte gametophytes modify their existing PD via taxon-specific strategies resembling those of angiosperms. Development of type II-like PD morphotypes with enlarged diameters or formation of pit pairs might be required to maintain PD transport rates during wall thickening. Similar to angiosperm leaves, fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching revealed a considerable reduction of the PD permeability in maturating P. patens phyllids. In contrast to previous reports on monoplex meristems of bryophyte gametophytes with single initials, we observed targeted secPD formation in the multi-initial basal meristems of A. agrestis sporophytes. Their PD networks share typical features of multi-initial angiosperm meristems, which may hint at a putative homologous origin. We also discuss that monoplex and multi-initial meristems may require distinct types of PD networks, with or without secPD formation, to control maintenance of initial identity and positional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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2
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Wada M, Higa T, Katoh K, Moritoki N, Nakai T, Nishino Y, Miyazawa A, Shibata S, Mineyuki Y. Chloroplast-actin filaments decide the direction of chloroplast avoidance movement under strong light in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:659-667. [PMID: 38598067 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments are crucial for light-induced chloroplast movement, and appear in the front region of moving chloroplasts when visualized using GFP-mouse Talin. They are short and thick, exist between a chloroplast and the plasma membrane, and move actively and rapidly compared to cytoplasmic long actin filaments that run through a cell. The average period during which a cp-actin filament was observed at the same position was less than 0.5 s. The average lengths of the cp-actin filaments calculated from those at the front region of the moving chloroplast and those around the chloroplast periphery after stopping the movement were almost the same, approximately 0.8 µm. Each cp-actin filament is shown as a dotted line consisting of 4-5 dots. The vector sum of cp-actin filaments in a moving chloroplast is parallel to the moving direction of the chloroplast, suggesting that the direction of chloroplast movement is regulated by the vector sum of cp-actin filaments. However, once the chloroplasts stopped moving, the vector sum of the cp-actin filaments around the chloroplast periphery was close to zero, indicating that the direction of movement was undecided. To determine the precise structure of cp-actin filaments under electron microscopy, Arabidopsis leaves and fern Adiantum capillus-veneris gametophytes were frozen using a high-pressure freezer, and observed under electron microscopy. However, no bundled microfilaments were found, suggesting that the cp-actin filaments were unstable even under high-pressure freezing.
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Grants
- 16K14758 Ohsumi Frontier Science Foundation
- 20227001 the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT)/the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 23120523 the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT)/the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 25120721 the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT)/the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- 25251033 the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT)/the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Wada
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
- , Kamikitazawa 3-25-7, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-0057, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Nobuko Moritoki
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakai
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yuri Nishino
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Atsuo Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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3
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Shirakawa M, Matsushita N, Fukuda K. Visualization of root extracellular traps in an ectomycorrhizal woody plant (Pinus densiflora) and their interactions with root-associated bacteria. PLANTA 2023; 258:112. [PMID: 37935872 PMCID: PMC10630192 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Extracellular traps in the primary root of Pinus densiflora contribute to root-associated bacterial colonization. Trapped rhizobacteria induce the production of reactive oxygen species in root-associated, cap-derived cells. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) woody plants, such as members of Pinaceae and Fagaceae, can acquire resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses through the formation of mycorrhiza with ECM fungi. However, germinated tree seedlings do not have mycorrhizae and it takes several weeks for ectomycorrhizae to form on their root tips. Therefore, to confer protection during the early growth stage, bare primary roots require defense mechanisms other than mycorrhization. Here, we attempted to visualize root extracellular traps (RETs), an innate root defense mechanism, in the primary root of Pinus densiflora and investigate the interactions with root-associated bacteria isolated from ECM and fine non-mycorrhizal roots. Histological and histochemical imaging and colony-forming unit assays demonstrated that RETs in P. densiflora, mainly consisting of root-associated, cap-derived cells (AC-DCs) and large amounts of root mucilage, promote bacterial colonization in the rhizosphere, despite also having bactericidal activity via extracellular DNA. Four rhizobacterial strains retarded the mycelial growth of a pathogenic strain belonging to the Fusarium oxysporum species complex in dual culture assay. They also induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from host tree AC-DCs without being excluded from the rhizosphere of P. densiflora. Applying three Paraburkholderia strains, especially PM O-EM8 and PF T-NM22, showed significant differences in the ROS levels from the control group. These results reveal the indirect contributions of rhizobacteria to host root defense and suggest that root-associated bacteria could be a component of RETs as a first line of defense against root pathogens in the early growth stage of ECM woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Kuznetsova K, Efremova E, Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Functional Modules in the Meristems: "Tinkering" in Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3661. [PMID: 37896124 PMCID: PMC10610496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A feature of higher plants is the modular principle of body organisation. One of these conservative morphological modules that regulate plant growth, histogenesis and organogenesis is meristems-structures that contain pools of stem cells and are generally organised according to a common principle. Basic content: The development of meristems is under the regulation of molecular modules that contain conservative interacting components and modulate the expression of target genes depending on the developmental context. In this review, we focus on two molecular modules that act in different types of meristems. The WOX-CLAVATA module, which includes the peptide ligand, its receptor and the target transcription factor, is responsible for the formation and control of the activity of all meristem types studied, but it has its own peculiarities in different meristems. Another regulatory module is the so-called florigen-activated complex, which is responsible for the phase transition in the shoot vegetative meristem (e.g., from the vegetative shoot apical meristem to the inflorescence meristem). CONCLUSIONS The review considers the composition and functions of these two functional modules in different developmental programmes, as well as their appearance, evolution and use in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (K.K.); (E.E.); (M.L.); (L.L.)
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5
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Zhang L, He C, Lai Y, Wang Y, Kang L, Liu A, Lan C, Su H, Gao Y, Li Z, Yang F, Li Q, Mao H, Chen D, Chen W, Kaufmann K, Yan W. Asymmetric gene expression and cell-type-specific regulatory networks in the root of bread wheat revealed by single-cell multiomics analysis. Genome Biol 2023; 24:65. [PMID: 37016448 PMCID: PMC10074895 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homoeologs are defined as homologous genes resulting from allopolyploidy. Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, is an allohexaploid species with many homoeologs. Homoeolog expression bias, referring to the relative contribution of homoeologs to the transcriptome, is critical for determining the traits that influence wheat growth and development. Asymmetric transcription of homoeologs has been so far investigated in a tissue or organ-specific manner, which could be misleading due to a mixture of cell types. RESULTS Here, we perform single nuclei RNA sequencing and ATAC sequencing of wheat root to study the asymmetric gene transcription, reconstruct cell differentiation trajectories and cell-type-specific gene regulatory networks. We identify 22 cell types. We then reconstruct cell differentiation trajectories that suggest different origins between epidermis/cortex and endodermis, distinguishing bread wheat from Arabidopsis. We show that the ratio of asymmetrically transcribed triads varies greatly when analyzing at the single-cell level. Hub transcription factors determining cell type identity are also identified. In particular, we demonstrate that TaSPL14 participates in vasculature development by regulating the expression of BAM1. Combining single-cell transcription and chromatin accessibility data, we construct the pseudo-time regulatory network driving root hair differentiation. We find MYB3R4, REF6, HDG1, and GATAs as key regulators in this process. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the transcriptional landscape of root organization and asymmetric gene transcription at single-cell resolution in polyploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuting Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yating Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Kang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ankui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Caixia Lan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Handong Su
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuwen Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zeqing Li
- Wuhan Igenebook Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hailiang Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Department for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenhao Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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6
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Woudenberg S, Renema J, Tomescu AMF, De Rybel B, Weijers D. Deep origin and gradual evolution of transporting tissues: Perspectives from across the land plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:85-99. [PMID: 35904762 PMCID: PMC9434249 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of transporting tissues was an important innovation in terrestrial plants that allowed them to adapt to almost all nonaquatic environments. These tissues consist of water-conducting cells and food-conducting cells and bridge plant-soil and plant-air interfaces over long distances. The largest group of land plants, representing about 95% of all known plant species, is associated with morphologically complex transporting tissue in plants with a range of additional traits. Therefore, this entire clade was named tracheophytes, or vascular plants. However, some nonvascular plants possess conductive tissues that closely resemble vascular tissue in their organization, structure, and function. Recent molecular studies also point to a highly conserved toolbox of molecular regulators for transporting tissues. Here, we reflect on the distinguishing features of conductive and vascular tissues and their evolutionary history. Rather than sudden emergence of complex, vascular tissues, plant transporting tissues likely evolved gradually, building on pre-existing developmental mechanisms and genetic components. Improved knowledge of the intimate structure and developmental regulation of transporting tissues across the entire taxonomic breadth of extant plant lineages, combined with more comprehensive documentation of the fossil record of transporting tissues, is required for a full understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of transporting tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University–Humboldt, Arcata, California 95521, USA
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7
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Aragón-Raygoza A, Herrera-Estrella L, Cruz-Ramírez A. Transcriptional analysis of Ceratopteris richardii young sporophyte reveals conservation of stem cell factors in the root apical meristem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:924660. [PMID: 36035690 PMCID: PMC9413220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.924660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in roots has been assessed in different plant species in studies ranging from complete organs to specific cell layers, and more recently at the single cell level. While certain genes or functional categories are expressed in the root of all or most plant species, lineage-specific genes have also been discovered. An increasing amount of transcriptomic data is available for angiosperms, while a limited amount of data is available for ferns, and few studies have focused on fern roots. Here, we present a de novo transcriptome assembly from three different parts of the Ceratopteris richardii young sporophyte. Differential gene expression analysis of the root tip transcriptional program showed an enrichment of functional categories related to histogenesis and cell division, indicating an active apical meristem. Analysis of a diverse set of orthologous genes revealed conserved expression in the root meristem, suggesting a preserved role for different developmental roles in this tissue, including stem cell maintenance. The reconstruction of evolutionary trajectories for ground tissue specification genes suggests a high degree of conservation in vascular plants, but not for genes involved in root cap development, showing that certain genes are absent in Ceratopteris or have intricate evolutionary paths difficult to track. Overall, our results suggest different processes of conservation and divergence of genes involved in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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8
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van Bel AJE. The plant axis as the command centre for (re)distribution of sucrose and amino acids. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153488. [PMID: 34416599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increase in size required for optimal colonization of terrestrial niches, channels for bidirectional bulk transport of materials in land plants evolved during a period of about 100 million years. These transport systems are essentially still in operation - though perfected over the following 400 million years - and make use of hydrostatic differentials. Substances are accumulated or released at the loading and unloading ends, respectively, of the transport channels. The intermediate stretch between the channel termini is bifunctional and executes orchestrated release and retrieval of solutes. Analyses of anatomical and physiological data demonstrate that the release/retrieval zone extends deeper into sources and sinks than is commonly thought and covers usually much more than 99% of the translocation stretch. This review sketches the significance of events in the intermediate stretch for distribution of organic materials over the plant body. Net leakage from the channels does not only serve maintenance and growth of tissues along the pathway, but also diurnal, short-term or seasonal storage of reserve materials, and balanced distribution of organic C- and N-compounds over axial and terminal sinks. Release and retrieval are controlled by plasma-membrane transporters at the vessel/parenchyma interface in the contact pits along xylem vessels and by plasma-membrane transporters at the interface between companion cells and phloem parenchyma along sieve tubes. The xylem-to-phloem pathway vice versa is a bifacial, radially oriented system comprising a symplasmic pathway, of which entrance and exit are controlled at specific membrane checkpoints, and a parallel apoplasmic pathway. A broad range of specific sucrose and amino-acid transporters are deployed at the checkpoint plasma membranes. SUCs, SUTs, STPs, SWEETs, and AAPs, LTHs, CATs are localized to the plasma membranes in question, both in monocots and eudicots. Presence of Umamits in monocots is uncertain. There is some evidence for endo- and exocytosis at the vessel/parenchyma interface supplementary to the transporter-mediated uptake and release. Actions of transporters at the checkpoints are equally decisive for storage and distribution of amino acids and sucrose in monocots and eudicots, but storage and distribution patterns may differ between both taxa. While the majority of reserves is sequestered in vascular parenchyma cells in dicots, lack of space in monocot vasculature urges "outsourcing" of storage in ground parenchyma around the translocation path. In perennial dicots, specialized radial pathways (rays) include the sites for seasonal alternation of storage and mobilization. In dicots, apoplasmic phloem loading and a correlated low rate of release along the path would favour supply with photoassimilates of terminal sinks, while symplasmic phloem loading and a correlated higher rate of release along the path favours supply of axial sinks and transfer to the xylem. The balance between the resource acquisition by terminal and axial sinks is an important determinant of relative growth rate and, hence, for the fitness of plants in various habitats. Body enlargement as the evolutionary drive for emergence of vascular systems and mass transport propelled by hydrostatic differentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phythopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Fujinami R, Nakajima A, Imaichi R, Yamada T. Lycopodium root meristem dynamics supports homology between shoots and roots in lycophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:460-468. [PMID: 32696978 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roots have played a pivotal role in the conquest of land by vascular plants, yet their origin has remained enigmatic. Palaeobotanical evidence suggests that roots may have originated from subterranean shoots in some lycophyte species. If this hypothesis is correct, it would follow that the roots and shoots of extant lycophytes share fundamental developmental mechanisms. We tracked meristem dynamics in root and shoot apices of Lycopodium clavatum using a thymidine analogue and expression patterns of histone H4, respectively. Then we compared the meristem dynamics of roots and shoots to identify developmental similarities. Both apical meristems contained a quiescent tissue characterised by a low frequency of cell division. Actively dividing cells appeared in the quiescent tissue during dichotomous branching of both roots and shoots. As a result, the parental meristem divides into two daughter meristems, which give rise to new root or shoot apices. These striking similarities in meristem dynamics provide new neobotanical data that support the shoot-origin hypothesis of lycophyte roots. Although Lycopodium roots may have originated from subterranean shoots of Devonian lycophytes, these shoots may have changed into root-bearing axes in other extant lycophyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Fujinami
- Faculty of Education, Kyoto University of Education, 1 Fujinomori-cho, Fukakusa, Kyoto, 612-8522, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakajima
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Ryoko Imaichi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamada
- Botanical Gardens, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Kisaichi, Katano, Osaka, 576-0004, Japan
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10
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Aragón-Raygoza A, Vasco A, Blilou I, Herrera-Estrella L, Cruz-Ramírez A. Development and Cell Cycle Activity of the Root Apical Meristem in the Fern Ceratopteris richardii. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1455. [PMID: 33291610 PMCID: PMC7761924 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferns are a representative clade in plant evolution although underestimated in the genomic era. Ceratopteris richardii is an emergent model for developmental processes in ferns, yet a complete scheme of the different growth stages is necessary. Here, we present a developmental analysis, at the tissue and cellular levels, of the first shoot-borne root of Ceratopteris. We followed early stages and emergence of the root meristem in sporelings. While assessing root growth, the first shoot-borne root ceases its elongation between the emergence of the fifth and sixth roots, suggesting Ceratopteris roots follow a determinate developmental program. We report cell division frequencies in the stem cell niche after detecting labeled nuclei in the root apical cell (RAC) and derivatives after 8 h of exposure. These results demonstrate the RAC has a continuous mitotic activity during root development. Detection of cell cycle activity in the RAC at early times suggests this cell acts as a non-quiescent organizing center. Overall, our results provide a framework to study root function and development in ferns and to better understand the evolutionary history of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Alejandra Vasco
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, TX 76107-3400, USA;
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group at Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Sede Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera, Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
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Niklas KJ, Wayne R, Benítez M, Newman SA. Polarity, planes of cell division, and the evolution of plant multicellularity. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:585-599. [PMID: 30368592 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms as diverse as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals manifest a property called "polarity." The literature shows that polarity emerges as a consequence of different mechanisms in different lineages. However, across all unicellular and multicellular organisms, polarity is evident when cells, organs, or organisms manifest one or more of the following: orientation, axiation, and asymmetry. Here, we review the relationships among these three features in the context of cell division and the evolution of multicellular polarity primarily in plants (defined here to include the algae). Data from unicellular and unbranched filamentous organisms (e.g., Chlamydomonas and Ulothrix) show that cell orientation and axiation are marked by cytoplasmic asymmetries. Branched filamentous organisms (e.g., Cladophora and moss protonema) require an orthogonal reorientation of axiation, or a localized cell asymmetry (e.g., "tip" growth in pollen tubes and fungal hyphae). The evolution of complex multicellular meristematic polarity required a third reorientation of axiation. These transitions show that polarity and the orientation of the future plane(s) of cell division are dyadic dynamical patterning modules that were critical for multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Randy Wayne
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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