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Macklin SC, Mariani RO, Young EN, Kish R, Cathline KA, Robertson G, Martin AR. Intraspecific Leaf Trait Variation across and within Five Common Wine Grape Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2792. [PMID: 36297816 PMCID: PMC9611564 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Variability in traits forming the Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES) among and within crop species plays a key role in governing agroecosystem processes. However, studies evaluating the extent, causes, and consequences of within-species variation in LES traits for some of the world's most common crops remain limited. This study quantified variations in nine leaf traits measured across 90 vines of five common wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties at two growth stages (post-flowering and veraison). Grape traits in these varieties covary along an intraspecific LES, in patterns similar to those documented in wild plants. Across the five varieties evaluated here, high rates of photosynthesis (A) and leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations were coupled with low leaf mass per area (LMA), whereas the opposite suite of traits defined the "resource-conserving end" of this intraspecific LES in grape. Variety identity was the strongest predictor of leaf physiological (A) and morphological traits (i.e., leaf area and leaf mass), whereas leaf chemical traits and LMA were best explained by growth stage. All five varieties expressed greater resource-conserving trait syndromes (i.e., higher LMA, lower N, and lower Amass) later in the growing season. Traits related to leaf hydraulics, including instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), were unrelated to LES and other resource capture traits, and were better explained by spatial location. These results highlight the relative contributions of genetic, developmental, and phenotypic factors in structuring trait variation in the five wine grape varieties evaluated here, and point to a key role of domestication in governing trait relationships in the world's crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Macklin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rachel O. Mariani
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Emily N. Young
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rosalyn Kish
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kimberley A. Cathline
- Horticultural & Environmental Sciences Innovation Centre, Niagara College, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON L0S 1J0, Canada
| | - Gavin Robertson
- Horticultural & Environmental Sciences Innovation Centre, Niagara College, Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON L0S 1J0, Canada
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Malik RJ, Bever JD. Enriched CO 2 and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six Asclepias Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2474. [PMID: 34834836 PMCID: PMC8617772 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO2 flux may afflict Asclepias species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO2-induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO2 to influence Asclepias biomass and root morphology. A broad range of Asclepias species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species (A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa, and A. viridis) and two fibrous root species (A. incarnata and A. verticillata). Collectively, the six Asclepias species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (-/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO2 levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months, Asclepias responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased Asclepias biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO2 decreased biomass by about 25%. CO2 did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ's response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO2 and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO2 fixation (rbcL) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO2, while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO2 induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondy J. Malik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey, 2101 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
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King WL, Yates CF, Guo J, Fleishman SM, Trexler RV, Centinari M, Bell TH, Eissenstat DM. The hierarchy of root branching order determines bacterial composition, microbial carrying capacity and microbial filtering. Commun Biol 2021; 4:483. [PMID: 33875783 PMCID: PMC8055976 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine roots vary dramatically in their functions, which range from resource absorption to within-plant resource transport. These differences should alter resource availability to root-associated microorganisms, yet most root microbiome studies involve fine root homogenization. We hypothesized that microbial filtering would be greatest in the most distal roots. To test this, we sampled roots of six temperate tree species from a 23-year-old common garden planting, separating by branching order. Rhizoplane bacterial composition was characterized with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while bacterial abundance was determined on a subset of trees through flow cytometry. Root order strongly impacted composition across tree species, with absorptive lower order roots exerting the greatest selective pressure. Microbial carrying capacity was higher in absorptive roots in two of three tested tree species. This study indicates lower order roots as the main point of microbial interaction with fine roots, suggesting that root homogenization could mask microbial recruitment signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Caylon F Yates
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suzanne M Fleishman
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ryan V Trexler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michela Centinari
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - David M Eissenstat
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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