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Pioch J, Blomgran R. Optimized flow cytometry protocol for dihydrorhodamine 123-based detection of reactive oxygen species in leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood. J Immunol Methods 2022; 507:113308. [PMID: 35760097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of immune cells to mount an oxidative burst represent an important defense during microbial invasion, but is also recognized for playing a significant role in the progression of inflammatory disorders and disease. Although neutrophils produce the strongest ROS-response, other leukocytes and their cell subsets could play a significant role. Isolation of specific cells for determining their ROS-response can affect their functionality and is laborious or hard to replicate in different settings. We have therefore established a whole blood assay, that only requires 100 μL heparinized blood and utilizes the dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123 ROS-probe combined with cell surface antibody staining for the specific detection of ROS in several subsets of cells simultaneously using flow cytometry. Although the flow markers chosen are interchangeable with other direct conjugated and cell specific antibodies depending on the research question, we focused on neutrophils (SSChighCD16brightHLA-DRneg/low), eosinophils (SSChighCD16lowHLA-DRlow/negCD193positiveCD125positive) and monocyte subsets (SSCintermediateHLA-DRhighCD14low-positiveCD16negative-positive). As a RBC-lysis reagent we compared BD FACS Lysis Solution to the in-house prepared ammonium-chloride‑potassium based ACK Lysis Buffer, that does not fix or permeabilize the immune cells. We find that ACK-lysis of stimulated and stained samples results in superior surface staining, decreased loss of cell subsets, and enhanced resolution of the DHR-signal. Compared to the other cells analyzed in healthy blood donors, neutrophils responded with the highest ROS-response to all tested stimuli (fMLP (low stimuli), E. coli, and PMA (high stimuli)), where eosinophils and the three monocyte subsets also showed an extensive ROS-response when stimulated with E. coli or PMA. Our assay provides the possibility for researchers to examine the ROS-response of specific cell subsets in specific patient groups ex vivo and could also allow the analysis of pharmacological intervention studies targeting ROS, which ultimately can advance the field of immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pioch
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
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Hwang JW, Lee MJ, Chung TN, Lee HAR, Lee JH, Choi SY, Park YJ, Kim CH, Jin I, Kim SH, Kwak HB, Heo JW, Na K, Choi S, Choi YS, Kim K. The immune modulatory effects of mitochondrial transplantation on cecal slurry model in rat. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:20. [PMID: 33413559 PMCID: PMC7789332 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Sepsis has a high mortality rate, but no specific drug has been proven effective, prompting the development of new drugs. Immunologically, sepsis can involve hyperinflammation, immune paralysis, or both, which might pose challenges during drug development. Recently, mitochondrial transplantation has emerged as a treatment modality for various diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction, but it has never been tested for sepsis. Methods We isolated mitochondria from L6 muscle cells and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and tested the quality of the isolated mitochondria. We conducted both in vivo and in vitro sepsis studies. We investigated the effects of intravenous mitochondrial transplantation on cecal slurry model in rats in terms of survival rate, bacterial clearance rate, and the immune response. Furthermore, we observed the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on the immune reaction regarding both hyperinflammation and immune paralysis. To do this, we studied early- and late-phase cytokine production in spleens from cecal slurry model in rats. We also used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human PBMC monocyte model to confirm the immunological effects of mitochondrial transplantation. Apoptosis and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway were investigated in septic spleens. Results Mitochondrial transplantation improved survival and bacterial clearance. It also mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in septic spleens and attenuated both hyperinflammation and immune paralysis in the spleens of cecal slurry model in rats. This effect was confirmed with an LPS-stimulated human PBMC study. Conclusions In rat polymicrobial cecal slurry model, the outcome is improved by mitochondrial transplantation, which might have an immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wook Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Min Ji Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Tae Nyoung Chung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Han A Reum Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Seo Yoon Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Ye Jin Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Chul Hee Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Isom Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kwangmin Na
- Paean Biotechnology Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchun Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
| | - Kyuseok Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
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Risitano AM, Rotoli B. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: pathophysiology, natural history and treatment options in the era of biological agents. Biologics 2011; 2:205-22. [PMID: 19707355 PMCID: PMC2721357 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal non-malignant hematological disease characterized by the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progeny mature cells, whose surfaces lack all the proteins linked through the glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol anchor. This defect arises from an acquired somatic mutation in the X-linked phosphatidylinositol glycan class A gene, with subsequent clonal expansion of the mutated HSCs as a result of a concomitant, likely immune-mediated, selective pressure. The disease is characterized by complement-mediated chronic intravascular hemolysis, resulting in hemolytic anemia and hemosiderinuria; capricious exacerbations lead to recurrent gross hemoglobinuria. Additional cardinal manifestations of PNH are a variable degree of bone marrow failure and an intrinsic propensity to thromboembolic events. The disease is markedly invalidating, with chronic symptoms requiring supportive therapy – usually including periodical transfusions; possible life-threatening complications may also ensue. The biology of PNH has been progressively elucidated in the past few years, but therapeutic strategies remained unsatisfactory for decades, the only exception being stem cell transplantation, which is restricted to selected patients and retains significant morbidity and mortality. Recently, a biological agent to treat PNH has been developed – the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab – which has been tested in a number of clinical trials, with exciting results. All the data from worldwide clinical trials confirm that eculizumab radically modifies the symptoms, the biology, and the natural history of PNH, strongly improving the quality of life of PNH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Risitano
- Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II, University of Naples, Italy
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Danikas DD, Karakantza M, Theodorou GL, Sakellaropoulos GC, Gogos CA. Prognostic value of phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes in sepsis. Correlation to CD64 and CD14 antigen expression. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:87-97. [PMID: 18727624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the phagocytic function of monocytes and neutrophils in sepsis has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the impact of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes on the outcome of patients with severe sepsis. Thirty-one patients and 30 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. The phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils was evaluated during 24 h after admission and the results were correlated to the expression of CD64 on neutrophils and monocytes, CD14 antigen on monocytes, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and the patients' survival. A reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils during the first 24 h after admission was a negative predictor for survival. Increased expression of CD64 antigen on polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and monocytes was favourably correlated to the patients' survival. In multivariate analysis the phagocytic activity of PMNs was the only independent predictor factor for survival. Patients with PMN phagocytic activity <37% had lower expression of CD64 on monocytes and PMNs and worse outcome, while those with phagocytic activity >37% had higher expression of CD64 on monocytes and PMNs and better outcome. Reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils may represent a state of neutrophil inactivation similar to that previously described for monocytes during the compensatory anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Danikas
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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