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Cao Y. Erythropoietin in cancer: a dilemma in risk therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:190-9. [PMID: 23218687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a frequently prescribed drug for treatment of cancer-related and chemotherapy-induced anemia in cancer patients. Paradoxically, recent preclinical and clinical studies indicate that EPO could potentially accelerate tumor growth and jeopardize survival in cancer patients. In this review I critically discuss the current knowledge and broad biological functions of EPO in association with tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. The emphasis is focused on discussing the complex interplay between EPO and other tumor-derived factors in angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Understanding the multifarious functions of EPO and its reciprocal relation with other signaling pathways is crucial for developing more effective agents for cancer therapy and for minimizing risks for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Morais C, Johnson DW, Vesey DA, Gobe GC. Functional significance of erythropoietin in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:14. [PMID: 23305401 PMCID: PMC3554558 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the molecules regulated by the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), is the hypoxia-responsive hematopoietic factor, erythropoietin (EPO). This may have relevance to the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), where mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene are major risk factors for the development of familial and sporadic RCC. VHL mutations up-regulate and stabilize HIF, which in turn activates many downstream molecules, including EPO, that are known to promote angiogenesis, drug resistance, proliferation and progression of solid tumours. HIFs typically respond to hypoxic cellular environment. While the hypoxic microenvironment plays a critical role in the development and progression of tumours in general, it is of special significance in the case of RCC because of the link between VHL, HIF and EPO. EPO and its receptor, EPOR, are expressed in many cancers, including RCC. This limits the use of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) to treat anaemia in cancer patients, because the rhEPO may be stimulatory to the cancer. EPO may also stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RCC, and pathological EMT has a key role in cancer progression. In this mini review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of EPO in RCC. The available data, either for or against the use of EPO in RCC patients, are equivocal and insufficient to draw a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Building 33, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Ueda K, Suekane S, Chikui K, Nakiri M, Moriya F, Hayashi T, Miyajima J, Matsuoka K. Successful treatment of erythropoietin-producing advanced renal cell carcinoma after targeted therapy using sunitinib: Case report and review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:112-116. [PMID: 24649132 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, only ≤5% of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) develop paraneoplastic erythropoietin (EPO) overproduction-induced polycythemia. However, a number of reports on EPO-producing RCC are available. The present study aimed to report the first case of a patient demonstrating a therapeutic effect on EPO-producing advanced RCC, subsequent to targeted pre-surgical sunitinib therapy, with a review of the literature. The patient involved was a 62-year-old male who presented with a malformation of the left scrotum. Examination revealed a tumor of 73 mm in diameter along with lymph node metastasis. The histological examination indicated a clear cell RCC containing viable cells as well as hemorrhage and necrosis. EPO in cancer cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, a case of EPO-producing RCC with polycythemia was diagnosed. The EPO-producing RCC was successfully treated following targeted presurgical therapy with sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ueda
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Suekane
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Chikui
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakiri
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Fukuko Moriya
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tokumasa Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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4
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Bader HL, Hsu T. Systemic VHL gene functions and the VHL disease. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1562-9. [PMID: 22673568 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) is best known as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). VHL mutations are the genetic defects underlying several human diseases including polycythemia, familial VHL tumor syndrome and sporadic renal cell carcinoma. VHL mutations can lead to cell-autonomous phenotypes in the tumor cells. However, non-tumor cell-autonomous functions of VHL have also been noted. VHL tumor-derived cytokines can promote inflammation and induce mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. Up-regulation of HIF caused by VHL loss-of-function mutants, including heterozygotes, has been shown to increase the activities of hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cells and myeloid cells. As such, systemic functions of VHL likely play important roles in the development of VHL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Bader
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Young AC, Craven RA, Cohen D, Taylor C, Booth C, Harnden P, Cairns DA, Astuti D, Gregory W, Maher ER, Knowles MA, Joyce A, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Analysis of VHL Gene Alterations and their Relationship to Clinical Parameters in Sporadic Conventional Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7582-7592. [PMID: 19996202 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to carry out a comprehensive analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene in patients with conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinoma and to determine their significance relative to clinicopathologic characteristics and outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The VHL status in 86 conventional renal cell carcinomas was determined by mutation detection, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and promoter methylation analysis, extending our original cohort to a total of 177 patients. Data were analyzed to investigate potential relationships between VHL changes, clinical parameters, and outcome. RESULTS: LOH was found in 89.2%, mutation in 74.6%, and methylation in 31.3% of evaluable tumors; evidence of biallelic inactivation (LOH and mutation or methylation alone) was found in 86.0% whereas no involvement of VHL was found in only 3.4% of samples. Several associations were suggested, including those between LOH and grade, nodal status and necrosis, mutation and sex, and methylation and grade. Biallelic inactivation may be associated with better overall survival compared with patients with no VHL involvement, although small sample numbers in the latter group severely limit this analysis, which requires independent confirmation. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports one of the highest proportions of conventional renal cell carcinoma with VHL changes, and suggests possible relationships between VHL status and clinical variables. The data suggest that VHL defects may define conventional renal cell carcinomas but the clinical significance of specific VHL alterations will only be clarified by the determination of their biological effect at the protein level rather than through genetic or epigenetic analysis alone. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7582-92).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Young
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Cancer Research UK Mutation Detection Facility, and Pyrah Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, and Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Group, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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Kealy B, Liew A, McMahon JM, Ritter T, O'Doherty A, Hoare M, Greiser U, Vaughan EE, Maenz M, O'Shea C, Barry F, O'Brien T. Comparison of Viral and Nonviral Vectors for Gene Transfer to Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:223-31. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kealy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aaron Liew
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jill M. McMahon
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aideen O'Doherty
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Melissa Hoare
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Udo Greiser
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Erin E. Vaughan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Martin Maenz
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ciara O'Shea
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science & Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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Pressler BM, Williams LE, Ramos-Vara JA, Anderson KI. Sequencing of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in canine renal carcinoma. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:592-7. [PMID: 19422471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarities in human and canine renal cell carcinoma (RCC) epidemiology and biologic behavior suggest that molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis may be similar in both species. Approximately 75% of RCC in people are of the clear cell subtype, up to 85% of which are associated with mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. The canine VHL coding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) shares 90% identity with the human VHL gene. OBJECTIVE To determine whether or not RCC in dogs are associated with VHL mutations, and if so determine the prevalence, type, and location of these mutations. ANIMALS Thirteen dogs with RCC, 2 dogs with primary renal sarcomas, and 10 dogs without neoplastic kidney disease. METHODS DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded RCC tissue; DNA extracts from paraffin-embedded and snap-frozen nonneoplastic canine kidneys and canine whole blood were used as negative controls. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the 3 VHL exons was performed, and results compared with the accessioned canine sequence. RESULTS All VHL exons were amplified from 9 of 13 canine RCC samples, both renal sarcomas, 8 of 10 nonneoplastic kidney samples, and canine whole blood; only exon 2 could be amplified from 2 RCC samples. Mutations were not identified in any exons. A maximal prevalence of 33.6% for VHL mutations in canine RCC was determined. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although similarities between canine and human RCC merit further investigation of the dog as a model for some subtypes of renal tumors, the lower prevalence of VHL mutations suggests that oncogenesis in these 2 species differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McMullin
- Department of Haematology, The Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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