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van Dievoet MA, Stephenne X, Rousseaux M, Lisman T, Hermans C, Deneys V. The use of prothrombin complex concentrate in chronic liver disease: A review of the literature. Transfus Med 2023. [PMID: 36941801 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis present a rebalanced hemostatic system in the three phases of haemostasis. This balance is however unstable and can easily tip towards bleeding or thrombosis. Management of both spontaneous bleeding and bleeding during invasive procedures remains a challenge in this patient population. Transfusion of blood products can result in circulatory overload and thereby worsen portal hypertension. As an alternative to fresh frozen plasma (FFP), prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) may have merit in patients with liver disease because of their low volume. The impact of PCC in in-vitro spiking experiments of cirrhotic plasma is promising, but also warrants cautious use in light of thromboembolic risk. The majority of existing studies carried-out in CLD patients are retrospective or do not have an adequate control arm. A prospective study (the PROTON trial) was set up in 2013 to investigate the utility of PCC in patients undergoing liver transplantation. However, the study has never recruited the planned number of patients. Robust data on PCC safety in CLD is also required. The limited existing evidence does not seem to indicate an excessive thromboembolic risk. Currently, the utilisation of PCC in CLD cannot be routinely recommended but can provide an option for carefully selected cases in which other measures were not sufficient to control bleeding and after delicately weighing risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid van Dievoet
- Laboratory Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Pediatric Hepatology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Xavier Stephenne
- Pediatric Hepatology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Madeleine Rousseaux
- Laboratory Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cedric Hermans
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit/Haemophilia Treatment Centre/Division of Haematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Deneys
- Laboratory Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Dixon A, Beiling M, Smith S, Behrens B, Appleman L, Rick E, Murphy J, Madtson B, McCully B, Goodman A, Kanlerd A, Schaller T, Subramanian S, Trivedi A, Pati S, Schreiber M. FFP maintains normal coagulation while Kcentra induces a hypercoagulable state in a porcine model of pulmonary contusion and hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 93:124-129. [PMID: 35261373 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate injury can lead to a coagulopathy. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) corrects coagulopathy by means of a balanced array of clotting factors. We sought to compare the late effects of FFP and a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) on the coagulopathy of trauma using a porcine model of pulmonary contusion (PC) and hemorrhagic shock (HS) designed to evaluate the organ protective effects of these treatments. METHODS Female Yorkshire swine (40-50 kg) were randomized to receive PC + HS or control (instrumented and uninjured). A blunt PC was created using a captive bolt gun. To induce HS, a liver crush injury was performed. Eighty minutes after injury, swine were treated with 25 U·kg-1 PCC, 1 U FFP, or 50 mL lactated Ringer's vehicle in a blinded manner. Arterial blood samples were drawn every 6 hours. Swine were euthanized 48 hours postinjury. Data were analyzed by Pearson χ2, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Tukey's or Mann-Whitney U tests for post hoc analysis. RESULTS Twenty-seven swine received PC + HS, 3 groups of 9 per group received PCC, FFP, or vehicle. Nine were noninjured controls. When compared with control, PC + HS swine had significantly shortened R time at 6 hours, 36 hours, and 42 hours, decreased LY30 at 12 hours, shortened K time at 30 hours and reduced α angle at 42 hours. PC + HS swine showed significant differences between treatment groups in K and α angle at 3 hours, LY30 at 12 hours and 18 hours, and MA at 12 hours, 18 hours, and 30 hours. Post hoc analysis was significant for higher α angle in PCC versus vehicle at 3 hours, higher MA in vehicle versus PCC at 12 hours and 18 hours, and higher LY30 in PCC versus vehicle at 18 hours (p < 0.012) with no significant differences between FFP and vehicle. CONCLUSION Severe injury with HS induced a coagulopathy in swine. While FFP maintained normal coagulation following injury, PCC induced more rapid initial clot propagation in injured animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dixon
- From the Department of Surgery (A.D., M.B., S.Sm., B.B., L.A., E.B., J.M., B.M., B.MC., A.G., A.K., T.S., S.Sa., M.S.) Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Laboratory Medicine (A.T., S.P.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Major bleeding in cardiac surgery is commonly encountered, and, until recently, most frequently managed with fresh frozen plasma (FFP). However, a Cochrane review found this practice to be associated with a significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and costs. These findings have led to off-label uses of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) in cardiac surgery. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the use of FFP and PCC, review the components, limitations and risks of different types of PCCs, and discuss the latest evidence for the use of PCC versus FFP in cardiac surgery. RECENT FINDINGS A recent review and meta-analysis suggests that PCC administration in cardiac surgery is more effective than FFP in reducing RBC transfusions and costs. SUMMARY The current data supports the use of 4F-PCC instead of FFP as the primary hemostatic agent in cases of major bleeding in cardiac surgery. The use of PCCs is associated with reduced rates of RBC transfusions while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Clear advantages of PCC over FFP include its smaller volume, higher concentration of coagulation factors and shorter acquisition and administration times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeans M Santana
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Peyvandi F, Auerswald G, Austin SK, Liesner R, Kavakli K, Álvarez Román MT, Millar CM. Diagnosis, therapeutic advances, and key recommendations for the management of factor X deficiency. Blood Rev 2021; 50:100833. [PMID: 34024682 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Factor X deficiency is a rare coagulation disorder that can be hereditary or acquired. The typology and severity of the associated bleeding symptoms are highly heterogeneous, adding to the difficulties of diagnosis and management. Evidence-based guidelines and reviews on factor X deficiency are generally limited to publications covering a range of rare bleeding disorders. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on factor X deficiency, focusing on the hereditary form, and discuss the evolution in disease management and the evidence associated with available treatment options. Current recommendations advise clinicians to use single-factor replacement therapy for hereditary disease rather than multifactor therapies such as fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Consensus in treatment guidelines is still urgently needed to ensure optimal management of patients with factor X deficiency across the spectrum of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Peyvandi
- IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Guenter Auerswald
- Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Professor Hess Children's Hospital, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Steven K Austin
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Ri Liesner
- Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre/NIHR GOSH BRC, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Kaan Kavakli
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Carolyn M Millar
- Imperial College London, London, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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5
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Endres K, St Bernard R, Chin-Yee I, Hsia C, Lazo-Langner A. Efficacy and safety of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate fixed, weight-based dosing for reversal of warfarin anticoagulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25:489-493. [PMID: 33317427 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2020.1855745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) is widely used for urgent reversal of anticoagulation with warfarin, but the optimal 4F-PCC dosing approach is unknown. Herein, we sought to determine the efficacy of a novel fixed, weight-based dosing nomogram. METHODS We retrospectively studied consecutive adult patients receiving fixed, weight-based 4F-PCC dosing for warfarin reversal between 30 April 2009 and 31 December 2010. The primary outcome was reversal of warfarin anticoagulation, defined as INR ≤1.5 within 6 h. Secondary outcome was the occurrence of thromboembolic events. RESULTS A total of 227 patients (56% male), with a median age of 74 years and a median weight of 76kg were evaluated. The most common indications for 4F-PCC were active bleeding (37.4%: 12.7% intracranial, 12.3% gastrointestinal, 4.0% trauma, 8.4% other), reversal for a procedure (22.0%), reversal for surgery (29.5%) or other (11.1%). 66.1% of patients achieved an INR ≤1.5 within 6 h of 4F-PCC administration. 95.0% (57/60) of patients completed a planned procedure and 95.7% (67/70) of patients completed a planned surgery. The median baseline INR was 2.9 (1.5-10) and decreased significantly to a median of 1.3 (1.0-3.7) (p < .001) post-4F-PCC administration. There was no statistically significant difference in response to a fixed, weight-based dose of 4F-PCC based on pre-PCC INR, as long as the pre-treatment INR was ≤ 4.5. Although the majority of patients in our study (99%) received doses over 1000IU, rates of thrombosis were low (1.8%). CONCLUSION Fixed, weight-based dosing of 4F-PCC is effective for reversing warfarin anticoagulation in patients with a pre-dosing INR ≤ 4.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Endres
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rosanne St Bernard
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Ian Chin-Yee
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Cyrus Hsia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Alejandro Lazo-Langner
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada
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Prothrombin Complex Concentrate-induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Can Be Prevented by Coadministering Antithrombin in a Porcine Trauma Model. Anesthesiology 2020; 131:543-554. [PMID: 31180918 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of thromboembolic complications with prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) appears low when used for reversal of vitamin K antagonists but might be different in other indications (e.g., trauma). A difference in risk could arise from the plasma ratio of pro- versus anticoagulant proteins. This study used a porcine trauma model to investigate combined treatment with PCC and antithrombin. The hypothesis was that antithrombin can modulate prothrombotic effects and prevent adverse events of PCC. METHODS Nine treatment groups (n = 7 per group) were included: control (placebo), PCC (50 IU/kg), PCC plus antithrombin (three groups, with antithrombin doses of 12.5, 25, or 50 IU/kg), fibrinogen concentrate (100 mg/kg) plus PCC, fibrinogen concentrate plus PCC plus antithrombin dose of 50 IU/kg, tranexamic acid (15 mg/kg) plus fibrinogen concentrate plus PCC, and tranexamic acid plus fibrinogen concentrate plus PCC plus antithrombin dose of 50 IU/kg. In each group, bilateral femur fractures and thorax contusion were followed 60 min later by blunt liver injury. Study treatment was then administered, and animals were subsequently observed for 210 min. RESULTS Total blood loss (mean ± SD) was statistically significantly lower in all three PCC plus antithrombin groups (PCC plus antithrombin dose of 50 IU/kg, 672 ± 63 ml; PCC plus antithrombin dose of 25 IU/kg, 535 ± 72 ml; and PCC plus antithrombin dose of 12.5 IU/kg, 538 ± 50 ml) than in the PCC group (907 ± 132 ml), which in turn had statistically significantly reduced bleeding versus the control group (1,671 ± 409 ml). Signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation were apparent with PCC monotherapy, and early deaths occurred with fibrinogen concentrate plus PCC, attributable to pulmonary emboli. Antithrombin was protective against both of these effects: signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation were absent from the PCC plus antithrombin groups, and there were no early deaths in the group with fibrinogen concentrate plus PCC plus antithrombin dose of 50 IU/kg. CONCLUSIONS According to this trauma model, 50 IU/kg PCC increases the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation and other thromboembolic complications, most notably when coadministered with fibrinogen concentrate. The addition of antithrombin appears to reduce this risk.
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Marcos-Jubilar M, García Erce JA, Martínez-Calle N, Páramo JA, Martínez Virto A, Quintana-Díaz M. Safety and effectiveness of a prothrombin complex concentrate in approved and off-label indications. Transfus Med 2019; 29:268-274. [PMID: 31347218 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) in approved and off-label indications. BACKGROUND PCCs are approved for the urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Data concerning the efficacy, safety and dosing for off-label indications are limited, but they are included in massive bleeding protocols. METHODS This was a retrospective review of cases treated with four-factor PCCs (4F-PCCs) between January 2009 and 2016. Efficacy end-points include: (i) VKA reversal efficacy assessed by international normalised ratio (INR) normalisation (<1·5) and (ii) clinical efficacy as bleeding cessation and/or decreased number of transfused blood components and 24-h mortality in bleeding coagulopathy. The safety end-point is the incidence of thromboembolic events. RESULTS A total of 328 patients were included (51·8% male, median age 78 years old). Indications were as follows: VKA reversal (66·6%), bleeding coagulopathy (30·5%) and direct anticoagulant (DOAC) reversal due to bleeding (2·5%). VKA reversal was effective in 97·1% of patients, and 76·5% demonstrated complete reversal (INR < 1·5); only 34·3% patients needed hemoderivatives. Prior to emergency procedures, PCCs achieved global responses in 83% of patients, with no bleeding complication during intervention. DOAC reversal was effective in 88·9% of patients. Bleeding cessation was associated with the dose administered (P = 0·002). In coagulopathy bleeding, haemorrhage cessation, established by the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostais (ISTH) definition, occurred in 56·7% of massive bleeding events and in 42·5% of other coagulopathies; 24-h mortality was 30%, mainly related to active bleeding. Ten thrombotic episodes were observed (3·1%). CONCLUSION 4F-PCC was effective as adjuvant treatment with an acceptable safety profile, not only for the emergent reversal of VKAs but also for refractory coagulopathy associated with major bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marcos-Jubilar
- Hematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - N Martínez-Calle
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - J A Páramo
- Hematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - A Martínez Virto
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Quintana-Díaz
- Intensive Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Abstract
Rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) comprise inherited deficiencies of factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, X, XI, and XIII as well as combined factor V + VIII and vitamin K-dependent factors. They represent 3-5% of all congenital bleeding disorders and are usually transmitted as autosomal recessive traits. These disorders often manifest during childhood and have varied clinical presentations from mucocutaneous bleeding to life-threatening symptoms such as central nervous system and gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding manifestations generally vary within the same RBD and may also vary from 1 RBD to the other. Laboratory diagnosis is based on coagulation screening tests and specific factor assays, with molecular techniques providing diagnostic accuracy and enabling prenatal counseling. The approach to treatment of bleeding episodes and invasive procedures needs to be individualized and depends on the severity, frequency and procedure-related risk of bleeding. The first line of treatment of RBDs is replacement of the deficient factor, using specific plasma-derived or recombinant products and using fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate when specific products are not available or in resource-limited countries. Prophylaxis may be considered in individuals with recurrent serious bleeding and especially after life-threatening bleeding episodes. Novel no-replacement strategies promoting hemostasis by through different mechanisms need to be studied in RBDs as alternative therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Jain
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo and Hemophilia Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY, 14209, United States.
| | - Suchitra S Acharya
- Bleeding Disorders and Thrombosis Program, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Bienz MJ, Obrocki P, Russell J, Jena R, Mendichovszky IA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia presenting as acute aortic mural thrombosis. BJR Case Rep 2018; 5:20180025. [PMID: 31131116 PMCID: PMC6519488 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) is a life and limb-threatening acquired autoimmune complication of heparin-based treatment, characterised by thrombocytopaenia and thrombosis. We present a case of a 77-year-old female with concomitant metastatic ovarian and breast cancer who presented to our institution with worsening shortness of breath. She had been diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism 1 month earlier that was treated with therapeutic low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). In view of her worsening symptoms, CT imaging was performed. This demonstrated significant progression of the bilateral pulmonary emboli and new mural thrombosis of the thoracic aorta, despite being compliant with therapeutic anticoagulation. She had also developed thrombocytopaenia since commencing LMWH, which raised the clinical suspicion of HIT syndrome. The HIT pre-test probability score was intermediate and LMWH was immediately discontinued pending further investigation. She was commenced on rivaroxaban, a direct oral anticoagulant, and her platelet count soon recovered. Laboratory testing was strongly positive on both immunological and functional assays, thus confirming a diagnosis of HIT syndrome. A repeat CT scan 3 weeks later showed a reduction in the overall thrombus load. Whilst venous thrombosis is observed in as many as half of patients with HIT, arterial thrombosis is a far less common event. Furthermore, arterial involvement usually affects the distal vessels with significant atherosclerotic burden and typically presents as acute limb ischaemia or ischaemic stroke. Aortic thrombosis, as in this case, is a rare complication of HIT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Joanne Bienz
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pawel Obrocki
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Russell
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rajesh Jena
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iosif Alexandru Mendichovszky
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Holt T, Taylor S, Abraham P, Mcmillian W, Harris S, Curtis J, Elder T. Three- versus four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for the reversal of warfarin-induced bleeding. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2018; 8:36-40. [PMID: 29619338 PMCID: PMC5869798 DOI: 10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_40_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (3F-PCC) compared to 4-factor PCC (4F-PCC) in warfarin-associated bleeding. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective, cohort study analyzed data from patients admitted between May 2011 and October 2014 who received PCC for warfarin-associated bleeding. The primary outcome was the rate of international normalized ratio (INR) normalization, defined as an INR ≤1.3, after administration of 3F-PCC compared to 4F-PCC. Other variables of interest included the incidence of additional reversal agents, new thromboembolic events, and mortality. Results: A total of 134 patients were included in the analysis. The average dose of PCC administered was 24.6 ± 9.3 units/kg versus 36.3 ± 12.8 units/kg in the 3F-PCC and 4F-PCC groups, respectively, P < 0.001. Baseline INR in the 3F-PCC and 4F-PCC groups was 3.61 ± 2.3 and 6.87 ± 2.3, respectively P < 0.001. 4F-PCC had a higher rate of INR normalization at first INR check post-PCC administration compared to 3F-PCC (84.2% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.0001). Thromboembolic events, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and mortality were similar among both groups. Conclusion: The use of 4F-PCC leads to a more significant reduction in INR compared to 3F-PCC though no difference in mortality or length of stay was observed. Thromboembolism rates were similar among both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Holt
- Department of Pharmacy, IU Health Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott Taylor
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Christi Hospitals, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Prasad Abraham
- Department of Pharmacy, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wesley Mcmillian
- Department of Pharmacy, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Serena Harris
- Department of Pharmacy, Eskenazi Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James Curtis
- Department of Pharmacy, Bronson Methodist Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Tai Elder
- Department of Pharmacy, Via Christi Hospitals, Wichita, KS, USA
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Eikelboom JW, Kozek-Langenecker S, Exadaktylos A, Batorova A, Boda Z, Christory F, Gornik I, Kėkštas G, Kher A, Komadina R, Koval O, Mitic G, Novikova T, Pazvanska E, Ratobilska S, Sütt J, Winder A, Zateyshchikov D. Emergency care of patients receiving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Br J Anaesth 2017; 120:645-656. [PMID: 29576106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), which inhibit thrombin (dabigatran) and factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) have been introduced in several clinical indications. Although NOACs have a favourable benefit-risk profile and can be used without routine laboratory monitoring, they are associated-as any anticoagulant-with a risk of bleeding. In addition, treatment may need to be interrupted in patients who need surgery or other procedures. The objective of this article, developed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts in thrombosis and haemostasis, is to provide an update on the management of NOAC-treated patients who experience a bleeding episode or require an urgent procedure. Recent advances in the development of targeted reversal agents are expected to help streamline the management of NOAC-treated patients in whom rapid reversal of anticoagulation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - S Kozek-Langenecker
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Evangelical Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Batorova
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University, and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Boda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - F Christory
- Medical Education Global Solutions, Paris, France
| | - I Gornik
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - G Kėkštas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A Kher
- Laboratory of Biological Hematology, Hôtel-Dieu University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - R Komadina
- Department of Traumatology, General and Teaching Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia
| | - O Koval
- Department of Hospital Therapy No. 2, Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - G Mitic
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Unit, Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - T Novikova
- Department of Cardiology, Northwestern Medical University I. I. Mechnikov, and Vascular Centre, Pokrovskaya City Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - E Pazvanska
- Department Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 4th City Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Ratobilska
- Intensive Care Unit, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - J Sütt
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Winder
- Department of Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - D Zateyshchikov
- Primary Vascular Department, City Clinical Hospital No. 51, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Mohan S, Howland MA, Lugassy D, Jacobson J, Su MK. The Use of 3- and 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients With Elevated INR. J Pharm Pract 2017; 31:262-267. [PMID: 28468525 DOI: 10.1177/0897190017707119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCC (Kcentra®) is an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 4-factor PCC used for the treatment of warfarin-related coagulopathy (WRC), but it has also been used off-label to treat non-WRC. Three-factor PCC in the form of coagulation factor IX human (Bebulin®) has also been used for WRC and off-label to treat non-WRC. It is unclear whether the use of 3- or 4-factor PCCs is effective for the treatment of non-WRC,. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to characterize the use of 3- and 4-factor PCCs for patients identified with a non-WRC. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients who received PCCs for both WRC and non-WRC between January 2012 and July 2015 was conducted. RESULTS A total of 187 patients with elevated international normalized ratio (INR) who received PCCs were analyzed; 53.9% of patients in the WRC group and 27.7% in the non-WRC group corrected to an INR of 1.3 or less after 3- or 4-factor PCC administration. In those patients with non-WRC and who had underlying liver disease, 3- and 4-factor PCCs reduced mean INR by 0.98 and 1.43, respectively. CONCLUSION Three and 4-factor PCCs can reduce INR in patients with WRC and in those with non-WRC secondary to liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mohan
- 1 Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Howland
- 1 Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,2 St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY, USA.,3 New York City Poison Control Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lugassy
- 1 Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Jacobson
- 4 Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark K Su
- 1 Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Abstract
Molecular genetic details of the human coagulation system were among the first successes of the genetic revolution in the 1980s. This information led to new molecular diagnostic strategies for inherited disorders of hemostasis and the development of recombinant clotting factors for the treatment of the common inherited bleeding disorders. A longer term goal of this knowledge has been the establishment of gene transfer to provide continuing access to missing or defective hemostatic proteins. Because of the relative infrequency of inherited coagulation factor disorders and the availability of safe and effective alternative means of management, the application of gene therapy for these conditions has been slow to realize clinical application. Nevertheless, the tools for effective and safe gene transfer are now much improved, and we have started to see examples of clinical gene therapy successes. Leading the way has been the use of adeno-associated virus-based strategies for factor IX gene transfer in hemophilia B. Several small phase 1/2 clinical studies using this approach have shown prolonged expression of therapeutically beneficial levels of factor IX. Nevertheless, before the application of gene therapy for coagulation disorders becomes widespread, several obstacles need to be overcome. Immunologic responses to the vector and transgenic protein need to be mitigated, and production strategies for clinical grade vectors require enhancements. There is little doubt that with the development of more efficient and facile strategies for genome editing and the application of other nucleic acid-based approaches to influence the coagulation system, the future of genetic therapies for hemostasis is bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Swystun
- From the Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Lillicrap
- From the Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Llau JV, Acosta FJ, Escolar G, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Guasch E, Marco P, Paniagua P, Páramo JA, Quintana M, Torrabadella P. [Multidisciplinary consensus document on the management of massive haemorrhage (HEMOMAS document)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:e1-e22. [PMID: 26688462 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Massive haemorrhage is common and often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We perform a systematic review of the literature, with extraction of the recommendations from the existing evidences because of the need for its improvement and the management standardization. From the results we found, we wrote a multidisciplinary consensus document. We begin with the agreement in the definitions of massive haemorrhage and massive transfusion, and we do structured recommendations on their general management (clinical assessment of bleeding, hypothermia management, fluid therapy, hypotensive resuscitation and damage control surgery), blood volume monitoring, blood products transfusion (red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets and their best transfusion ratio), and administration of hemostatic components (prothrombin complex, fibrinogen, factor VIIa, antifibrinolytic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Llau
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - F J Acosta
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, España
| | - G Escolar
- Hemoterapia y Hematología, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - E Fernández-Mondéjar
- Servicio de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, España.
| | - E Guasch
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - P Marco
- Hemoterapia y Hematología, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - P Paniagua
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - J A Páramo
- Hematología y Hemoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - M Quintana
- Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - P Torrabadella
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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16
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Ekezue BF, Sridhar G, Ovanesov MV, Forshee RA, Izurieta HS, Selvam N, Parunov LA, Jain N, Mintz PD, Epstein JS, Anderson SA, Menis MD. Clotting factor product administration and same-day occurrence of thrombotic events, as recorded in a large healthcare database during 2008-2013. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2168-79. [PMID: 26414338 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic events (TEs) are serious adverse events that can occur following administration of clotting factors (CFs). OBJECTIVES To evaluate occurrence of same-day TEs for different CF products and potential risk factors. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of individuals exposed to CF products during 2008-2013 was conducted using a large commercial insurance database. CF products were identified by procedure codes, and TEs were ascertained via diagnosis codes. Crude same-day TE rates (per 1000 persons exposed) were estimated overall and by congenital factor deficiency (CFD) status, CF products, age and gender. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to control for confounding. Laboratory analysis was used to compare the procoagulant activities of FIX products. RESULTS Of 3801 individuals exposed to CFs, 117 (30.8 per 1000) had same-day TEs recorded. The crude same-day TE rate was higher for CF users without CFD, 70.2 (102 of 1452), as compared with those with CFD, 6.4 (15 of 2349) (RR, 11.0; 95% CI, 6.4-18.9). For individuals without CFD, a significantly increased same-day TE risk was identified for factor IX complex (OR, 6.92; 95% CI, 3.11-15.40), factor VIIa (OR, 9.42; 95% CI, 4.99-17.78) and other products when compared with fibrin sealant. An increased risk of a TE was found with older age (≥ 45 years), history of TEs and underlying health conditions. The laboratory identified elevated procoagulant activity in Profilnine(®) and Benefix(®) . CONCLUSIONS The study shows an increased same-day TE risk for CF users without CFD and suggests substantial off-label CF use. The study findings also show elevated same-day TE rates for different CF products and suggest the importance of product properties and patient factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Sridhar
- HealthCore Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M V Ovanesov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R A Forshee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - H S Izurieta
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - N Selvam
- HealthCore Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - L A Parunov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - N Jain
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P D Mintz
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J S Epstein
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S A Anderson
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M D Menis
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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17
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Llau JV, Acosta FJ, Escolar G, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Guasch E, Marco P, Paniagua P, Páramo JA, Quintana M, Torrabadella P. Multidisciplinary consensus document on the management of massive haemorrhage (HEMOMAS document). Med Intensiva 2015; 39:483-504. [PMID: 26233588 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Massive haemorrhage is common and often associated with high morbidity and mortality. We perform a systematic review of the literature, with extraction of the recommendations from the existing evidences because of the need for its improvement and the management standardization. From the results we found, we wrote a multidisciplinary consensus document. We begin with the agreement in the definitions of massive haemorrhage and massive transfusion, and we do structured recommendations on their general management (clinical assessment of bleeding, hypothermia management, fluid therapy, hypotensive resuscitation and damage control surgery), blood volume monitoring, blood products transfusion (red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets and their best transfusion ratio), and administration of hemostatic components (prothrombin complex, fibrinogen, factor VIIa, antifibrinolytic agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Llau
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - F J Acosta
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, España
| | - G Escolar
- Hemoterapia y Hematología, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - E Fernández-Mondéjar
- Servicio de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, España.
| | - E Guasch
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - P Marco
- Hemoterapia y Hematología, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - P Paniagua
- Anestesia y Reanimación, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | - J A Páramo
- Hematología y Hemoterapia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, España
| | - M Quintana
- Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - P Torrabadella
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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18
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Fujioka M, Suzuki K, Fujii E, Katayama N, Ito M, Imai H. Usefulness of prothrombin complex concentrate for cardiac injury in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. Acute Med Surg 2015; 3:210-211. [PMID: 29123786 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kei Suzuki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Eitaro Fujii
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital 2-174 Edobashi Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
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19
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Suzuki K, Iwashita Y, Enokiya T, Yokoyama K, Fujioka M, Katayama N, Imai H. Use and effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate in an emergency department: a review of 15 cases. Acute Med Surg 2015; 3:94-100. [PMID: 29123759 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Hemostatic management of patients on oral anticoagulant therapy with critical bleeding continues to be a major challenge. The present study aimed to validate the efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of prothrombin complex concentrate for rapidly normalizing elevated international normalized ratio (INR) values and achieving control of hemorrhage at an emergency department in Japan. Methods We retrospectively collected data from all patients who were treated with PCC at our emergency department between January 2013 and September 2014. We used a commercially available prothrombin complex concentrate. Results Fifteen patients (male / female, 7/8; average, 71.4 years) received prothrombin complex concentrate (14 for bleeding, including trauma-related bleeding, and one for invasive intervention) without complications. All but one patient received warfarin and the INR value declined in all patients with 500 IU (average, 8.98 IU/kg) prothrombin complex concentrate (average INR value before and after treatment: 2.20 versus 1.26). Although two patients died because of multiple organ failure, a relatively satisfactory hemostatic response was obtained in at least 11/15 patients. However, patients with a baseline INR value above 2.5 never achieved an optimal response (INR value < 1.35). Conclusion A single dose of 500 IU prothrombin complex concentrate is insufficient for normalization of INR value, especially in patients with prolonged INR values. Administration strategies for trauma, the ideal dose (e.g., higher than 500 IU/patient), target optimal INR values, as well as the confirmation of safety should be addressed in the future. Further clinical trials are warranted to confirm this preliminary report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwashita
- Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
| | | | - Kazuto Yokoyama
- Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Naoyuki Katayama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Tsu Mie Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Emergency and Critical Care Center Mie University Hospital Tsu Mie Japan
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20
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Curtis R, Schweitzer A, van Vlymen J. Reversal of warfarin anticoagulation for urgent surgical procedures. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62:634-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
There is increasing interest in prothrombin complex concentrates as therapy for perioperative and trauma-related bleeding. A suitable point-of-care test is needed to guide such therapy, and randomized controlled trials are needed for robust, evidence-based recommendations.
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22
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Cao H, Tian Q, Huang Y, Ye S, Xin Y, Lin F, Li C. Biochemical characterization of prothrombin complex concentrates in China. Biologicals 2015; 43:84-91. [PMID: 25648383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing use of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), there is little knowledge about the biochemical characterization of Chinese PCCs. Six Chinese PCCs were investigated and compared with PCCs (Octaplex®) from Europe. The levels of coagulation factors and inhibitors were detected. The presence of activated coagulation factors was assessed. Furthermore, their thrombin inhibitory capacities, specific activity and purity were assayed. All above parameters of biochemical properties were statistically analyzed. Chinese PCCs contained FⅡ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ and Ⅹ, protein C, S and Z, heparin and extremely low level antithrombin, as well as Octaplex®. The measured FⅨ activities were similar to those declared, however the measured potency of FⅡ, Ⅶ and Ⅹ greatly exceeded the labeled. Though all preparations were negative for activated coagulation factors in non-activated partial thromboplastin time test, the activated coagulation factor Ⅶ (FⅦa) remained in all PCCs and its content differed greatly. Overall, FⅦa content of Chinese PCCs was higher than that of Octaplex®. Further, Chinese PCCs were inferior to Octaplex® in the thrombin inhibitory capacities, specific activity and purity. In summary, compared with Octaplex®, Chinese PCCs' errors about the labeled activity of coagulation factors and probably high risks of thrombosis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Cao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, 610500 Chengdu, China
| | - Shengliang Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Xin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, China
| | - Fangzhao Lin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 610052 Chengdu, China.
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23
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Grottke O, Spahn DR, Rossaint R. Rational and Timely Use of Coagulation Factor Concentrates in Massive Bleeding Without Point-of-Care Coagulation Monitoring. ANNUAL UPDATE IN INTENSIVE CARE AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13761-2_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Use of four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in the emergency department: a review. J Emerg Nurs 2014; 41:9-12. [PMID: 25016517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Bleeding symptoms are common in healthy children but occasionally may indicate an underlying congenital or acquired bleeding diathesis. The rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) comprise inherited deficiencies of coagulation factors I (congenital fibrinogen deficiencies), II, V, VII, X, XI, and XIII and combined factor deficiencies, most notably of factors V and VIII and of vitamin K-dependent factors. These disorders often manifest during childhood and may present with recurrent or even serious or life-threatening bleeding episodes, particularly during the neonatal period. Accordingly, primary care and other nonhematologist pediatric providers should be familiar with the clinical presentation and initial evaluation of these rare disorders. Bleeding manifestations generally vary within the same RBD and may be indistinguishable from 1 RBD to another or from other more common bleeding disorders. Serious bleeding events such as intracranial hemorrhage may be heralded by less serious bleeding symptoms. The results of initial coagulation studies, especially prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, are often helpful in narrowing down the potential factor deficiency, with factor XIII deficiency being an exception. Consultation with a hematologist is advised to facilitate accurate diagnosis and to ensure proper management and follow-up. The approach to bleeding episodes and invasive procedures is individualized and depends on the severity, frequency, and, in the case of procedures, likelihood of bleeding. Prophylaxis may be appropriate in children with recurrent serious bleeding and specifically after life-threatening bleeding episodes. When available, specific purified plasma-derived or recombinant factor concentrates, rather than fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate, are the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra S Acharya
- Bleeding Disorders and Thrombosis Program, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, 269-01 76th Ave, Suite 255, New Hyde Park, NY 11040.
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26
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Calizzani G, Profili S, Candura F, Lanzoni M, Vaglio S, Cannata L, Catalano L, Chianese R, Liumbruno GM, Grazzini G. Plasma and plasma-derived medicinal product self-sufficiency: the Italian case. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2013; 11 Suppl 4:s118-31. [PMID: 24333304 PMCID: PMC3853989 DOI: 10.2450/2013.018s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Calizzani
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Profili
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Candura
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Lanzoni
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Vaglio
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Cannata
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Liviana Catalano
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Chianese
- Piedmont Regional Blood Centre at Transfusion Medicine and Haematology Unit, Ivrea Hospital, Ivrea, Italy
| | - Giancarlo M. Liumbruno
- Immunohaematology, Medicine and Clinical Pathology Units, “San Giovanni Calibita” Fatebenefratelli Hospital, AFAR, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Grazzini
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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27
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Nitzki-George D, Wozniak I, Caprini JA. Current State of Knowledge on Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Using Procoagulant Factors. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47:841-55. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1r724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To discuss current trends and challenges in the use of procoagulants for treating bleeding caused by use of oral anticoagulants. DATA SOURCES: Literature searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), Google, and Medscape were conducted in February 2013. There were no date limitations. Search terms included anticoagulation agents, anticoagulation reversal, anticoagulation reversal agents, apixaban, clinical studies, dabigatran, 3-factor PCCs, 4-factor PCCs, FEIBA, fresh frozen plasma, human studies, pharmacology, prescribing information, rFVIIa, rivaroxaban, vitamin K, and warfarin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Warfarin has been the mainstay for the treatment and prevention of primary and secondary thrombosis in patients with cardiovascular disorders such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. Three oral anticoagulants have recently become available in the US: a direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, and 2 direct factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban. Reversal strategies for anticoagulant-associated bleeding are well established for warfarin; however, strategies to stop bleeding in a patient who has taken one of the newer anticoagulants are less clear. In the US, agents available for oral anticoagulant reversal include activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC), 3-factor PCCs, and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). Few studies have evaluated the 3-factor PCCs, and current evidence for APCC and rFVIIa as reversal agents for dabigatran and rivaroxaban is based primarily on laboratory or animal studies, or on small studies in healthy humans and case reports. CONCLUSIONS: Patients contemplating using the new oral anticoagulants should be informed about specific clinical situations that could pose a bleeding risk such as the need for emergency surgery because no reliable antidote is available to stop the bleeding, which could prove fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Nitzki-George
- Diane Nitzki-George PharmD, Clinical Specialist, Anticoagulation Clinic, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Glenbrook Hospital, Glenview, IL
| | - Izabela Wozniak
- Izabela Wozniak PharmD, Clinical Specialist, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston Hospital, Evanston, IL
| | - Joseph A Caprini
- Joseph A Caprini MD MS FACS RVT, Clinical Professor of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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28
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Dager WE. Developing a management plan for oral anticoagulant reversal. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013; 70:S21-31. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Dager
- University of California (UC) Davis Medical Center, Sacramento; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy; and Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, Touro School of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA
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29
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Roldán V, Marín F. Pro: "Antidote for new anticoagulants"--specific target of inhibition requires a specific target for neutralisation. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:621-2. [PMID: 22918294 DOI: 10.1160/th12-06-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Roldán
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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