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Mehrizi TZ, Mirzaei M, Ardestani MS. Pegylation, a Successful Strategy to Address the Storage and Instability Problems of Blood Products: Review 2011-2021. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:247-267. [PMID: 37218184 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230522091958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) to blood proteins and cells has emerged as a successful approach to address some of the issues attributed to the storage of blood products, including their short half-life and instability. In this regard, this review study aims to compare the influence of different PEGylation strategies on the quality of several blood products like red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, plasma proteins, i.e., albumin, coagulation factor VIII, and antibodies. The results indicated that conjugating succinimidyl carbonate methoxyPEG (SCmPEG) to platelets could improve blood transfusion safety by preventing these cells from being attached to low-load hidden bacteria in blood products. Moreover, coating of 20 kD succinimidyl valerate (SVA)-mPEG to RBCs was able to extend the half-life and stability of these cells during storage, as well as immune camouflage their surface antigens to prevent alloimmunisation. As regards albumin products, PEGylation improved the albumin stability, especially during sterilization, and there was a relationship between the molecular weight (MW) of PEG molecules and the biological half-life of the conjugate. Although coating antibodies with short-chain PEG molecules could enhance their stabilities, these modified proteins were cleared from the blood faster. Also, branched PEG molecules enhanced the retention and shielding of the fragmented and bispecific antibodies. Overall, the results of this literature review indicate that PEGylation can be considered a useful tool for enhancing the stability and storage of blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Deputy Ministry for Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kim HK, Ahn DB, Jang HB, Ma J, Xing J, Yoon JW, Lee KH, Lee DM, Kim CH, Kim HY. Production of Feline Universal Erythrocytes with Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:476. [PMID: 37754890 PMCID: PMC10532140 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood group mismatch in veterinary medicine is a significant problem in blood transfusion, sometimes leading to severe transfusion reactions and even patient death. Blood groups vary from species to species and there are three known blood groups in cats: A, B and AB. While A-type cats are most common, there is a shortage of feline B-type blood groups in cats. By using methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) to protect antigenic epitopes on red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to find the optimal conditions for the production of feline universal RBCs. The surfaces of feline A-type RBCs were treated with mPEG at various molecular weights and concentrations. Agglutination tests showed that the coating of feline A-type RBCs with mPEG of 20 kDa and 2 mM blocked hemagglutination to feline anti-A alloantibodies over 8 h. While no differences in RBC size and shape between intact and mPEG-treated RBCs were seen, coating RBCs with mPEG inhibited the binding of feline anti-A alloantibodies. Furthermore, the mPEG-treated RBCs did not cause spontaneous hemolysis or osmotic fragility, compared to control RBCs. According to a monocyte monolayer assay, mPEG treatment significantly reduced feline anti-A antibody-mediated phagocystosis of RBCs. These results confirm the potential of using activated mPEG on feline A-type RBC to create universal erythrocytes for transfusion to B-type cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Bi Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
| | - Han Byeol Jang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
| | - Juping Xing
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
| | - Joo Won Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
| | - Kyung Hee Lee
- KABB, Daegu 42212, Republic of Korea; (K.H.L.); (D.M.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Dong Min Lee
- KABB, Daegu 42212, Republic of Korea; (K.H.L.); (D.M.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Chang Hyun Kim
- KABB, Daegu 42212, Republic of Korea; (K.H.L.); (D.M.L.); (C.H.K.)
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (H.K.K.); (D.B.A.); (H.B.J.); (J.M.); (J.X.); (J.W.Y.)
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Jiang L, Liu H, Huang C, Shen X. Blood Group Antigen Shielding Facilitated by Selective Cell Surface Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22426-22432. [PMID: 32347090 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Production of red blood cells (RBCs) without immunogenicity of blood group antigens is of special interest in blood transfusion therapy in clinical chemistry. In this study, a selective cell surface engineering method was developed for the preparation of antigen-shielded RBCs based on molecular imprinting. Using an epitope imprinting method, biocompatible molecularly imprinted nanogels (MIgels) were prepared with a high affinity to the blood group antigens of RBCs. The antigen-shielded RBCs could avoid the agglutination caused by blood group mismatch, resulting in the antigen-shielded RBCs in efficiently substituting RBCs in case of a shortage of blood supply. Moreover, the antigen-shielded RBCs could maintain the normal physiological structure and functions of the original RBCs. We believe that the selective cell surface engineering presented in this work may offer significant benefits in specific cell protection for biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiantao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Rahfeld P, Withers SG. Toward universal donor blood: Enzymatic conversion of A and B to O type. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:325-334. [PMID: 31792054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion of blood, or more commonly red blood cells (RBCs), is integral to health care systems worldwide but requires careful matching of blood types to avoid serious adverse consequences. Of the four main blood types, A, B, AB, and O, only O can be given to any patient. This universal donor O-type blood is crucial for emergency situations where time or resources for typing are limited, so it is often in short supply. A and B blood differ from the O type in the presence of an additional sugar antigen (GalNAc and Gal, respectively) on the core H-antigen found on O-type RBCs. Thus, conversion of A, B, and AB RBCs to O-type RBCs should be achievable by removal of that sugar with an appropriate glycosidase. The first demonstration of a B-to-O conversion by Goldstein in 1982 required massive amounts of enzyme but enabled proof-of-principle transfusions without adverse effects in humans. New α-galactosidases and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases were identified by screening bacterial libraries in 2007, allowing improved conversion of B and the first useful conversions of A-type RBCs, although under constrained conditions. In 2019, screening of a metagenomic library derived from the feces of an AB donor enabled discovery of a significantly more efficient two-enzyme system, involving a GalNAc deacetylase and a galactosaminidase, for A conversion. This promising system works well both in standard conditions and in whole blood. We discuss remaining challenges and opportunities for the use of such enzymes in blood conversion and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Tian Y, Zhu H, Wu J, Wang S. Effect of improved preservation solution with methoxy polyethylene glycol succinimidyl propionate on rat cornea. Cell Tissue Bank 2018; 19:667-679. [PMID: 30069708 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-018-9719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To observe the effect of DMEM/F12 pegylated with methoxy polyethylene glycol succinimidyl propionate (mPEG-SPA) on the biophysical and immune characteristics of the rat cornea preserved in it. Corneal grafts were harvested from Wistar rat and preserved in the DMEM/F12 plus mPEG-SPA, DMEM/F12 without mPEG-SPA, and standard Optisol-GS solution at 4 °C for 14 days, referred as plus-PEG, minus-PEG, and Optisol grafts, respectively. The biophysical properties of those grafts, including transmittance, thickness, water content, and biomechanics were investigated. The survival of those grafts was observed in the high-risk corneal transplantation model. Transmittance and biomechanics did not show any differences among those grafts. Thickness and water content of plus-PEG grafts were slightly improved. Proliferation and activation of lymphocytes were lower while they were incubated with plus-PEG grafts, compared with minus-PEG grafts and Optisol grafts. The mean survival time was significantly prolonged in plus-PEG grafts. DMEM/F12 solution plus mPEG-SPA improved the survival of corneal grafts and maintained the comparative biophysical characteristics of them, compared with the standard preservation solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- The First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmologic Diseases of Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- The First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmologic Diseases of Shaanxi, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyong Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China.
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Matthews K, Duffy SP, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Ang RR, Li L, Scott MD, Ma H. Microfluidic analysis of red blood cell deformability as a means to assess hemin-induced oxidative stress resulting from Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic parasitism. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:519-528. [PMID: 28524208 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic anemia is one of the hallmarks of malaria and leads to an increase in oxidized heme (hemin) within the plasma of infected individuals. While scavenger proteins sequester much of the circulating heme, it has been hypothesized that extracellular heme may play a central role in malaria pathogenesis. We have previously developed the multiplex fluidic plunger (MFP) device for the measurement of red blood cell (RBC) deformability. Here, we demonstrate that the measurement of changes in RBC deformability is a sensitive method for inferring heme-induced oxidative stress. We further show that extracellular hemin concentration correlates closely with changes in RBC deformability and we confirm that this biophysical change correlates with other indicators of cell stress. Finally, we show that reduced erythrocyte deformability corresponds with both erythrophagocytosis and RBC osmotic fragility. The MFP microfluidic device presents a simple and potentially inexpensive alternative to existing methods for measuring hemolytic cell stress that could ultimately be used to perform clinical assessment of disease progression in severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Tong TN, Branch DR. Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117787 PMCID: PMC5408648 DOI: 10.3791/55039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly versatile in vitro assay that can be modified to examine different aspects of antibody and Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis in both research and clinical settings. The assay utilizes adherent monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from mammalian whole blood. MMA has been described for use in both human and murine investigations. These monocytes express FcγRs (e.g., FcγRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB, and FcγRIIIA) that are involved in immune responses. The MMA exploits the mechanism of FcγR-mediated interactions, phagocytosis in particular, where antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to and/or activate FcγRs and are subsequently phagocytosed by the monocytes. In vivo, primarily tissue macrophages found in the spleen and liver carry out FcγR-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized RBCs, causing extravascular hemolysis. By evaluating the level of phagocytosis using the MMA, different aspects of the in vivo FcγR-mediated process can be investigated. Some applications of the MMA include predicting the clinical relevance of allo- or autoantibodies in a transfusion setting, assessing candidate drugs that promote or inhibit phagocytosis, and combining the assay with fluorescent microscopy or traditional Western immunoblotting to investigate the downstream signaling effects of FcγR-engaging drugs or antibodies. Some limitations include the laboriousness of this technique, which takes a full day from start to finish, and the requirement of research ethics approval in order to work with mammalian blood. However, with diligence and adequate training, the MMA results can be obtained within a 24-h turnover time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Nga Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto
| | - Donald R Branch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto; Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services;
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Zhu Z, Ye L, Li Q, Gao H, Tan Y, Cai W. Red Cell Immunohematology Research Conducted in China. Transfus Med Rev 2016; 31:102-106. [PMID: 28017498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ABO subtypes and RhD variants are the most studied blood groups in China. Some of the polymorphisms in these two blood groups have direct clinical relevance. Molecular diagnosis of blood group polymorphisms is underway in China. In addition, research groups have developed methods such as screening for blood group mimetic peptides using phage display technology. New reagents, akin to antibodies directed against RhD and ABO, are being investigated using aptamer-based techniques. Progress is also being made in the development of synthetic exoglycosidases for conversion of group A and/or B antigens to group O. Development of methoxy-polyethylene-glycol modified red cells has been successful in vitro but has not reached clinical application. In this paper, we summarize red cell immunohematology research that has been conducted in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhu
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luyi Ye
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinxia Tan
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Le Y, Toyofuku WM, Scott MD. Immunogenicity of murine mPEG-red blood cells and the risk of anti-PEG antibodies in human blood donors. Exp Hematol 2016; 47:36-47.e2. [PMID: 27864153 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunocamouflage of non-ABO blood group antigens by membrane-grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) may attenuate the risk of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization. However, concerns have been raised over the immunogenic risk of PEG and PEG-RBCs. To assess this risk, murine and human studies were performed. Mice were exposed to soluble PEG prior to, or between, multiple transfusions (∼60-day intervals) of control or mPEG-RBCs, and cell survival was determined by flow cytometry. In some studies, the control and mPEG-RBC groups were reversed after one or more transfusions. Furthermore, human blood donors and commercial intravenous immunoglobulin products were examined to detect anti-PEG antibodies and to assess the risk for false positives. Naïve mice receiving chronic mPEG-RBC transfusions had normal RBC survival curves with no evidence of anti-PEG antibodies. Similarly, challenge with soluble PEG did not elicit anti-PEG antibodies in mice. Studies in humans revealed no evidence of a high prevalence of anti-PEG antibodies in either blood donors or commercial intravenous immunoglobulin. However, by use of the methods employed by studies identifying high levels of anti-PEG antibodies, a significant level (∼15%) of "false positives" were detected in commercial antibodies of known (non-PEG) specificities. These findings suggest that methodologic problems yielded a high rate of false positives in these earlier studies. These data continue to support the clinical utility of cellular PEGylation and the low immunogenic risk of grafted mPEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Le
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy M Toyofuku
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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