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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Dawkins TG, Lord RN, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, McManus AM, Stembridge M, Pugh CJA. Flow-mediated dilation is modified by exercise training status during childhood and adolescence: preliminary evidence of the youth athlete's artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H331-H339. [PMID: 38847760 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00287.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic exercise training is associated with an "athlete's artery" phenotype in young adults and an attenuated age-related decline in endothelium-dependent arterial function. Adolescence is associated with an influx of sex-specific hormones that may exert divergent effects on endothelial function, but whether training adaptations interact with biological maturation to produce a "youth athlete's artery" has not been explored. We investigated the influence of exercise-training status on endothelium-dependent arterial function during childhood and adolescence. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in n = 102 exercise-trained (males, n = 25; females, n = 29) and untrained (males, n = 23; females, n = 25) youths, characterized as pre (males, n = 25; females, n = 26)- or post (males, n = 23; females, n = 28)-predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV). Baseline brachial artery diameter was larger in post- compared with pre-PHV youths (P ≤ 0.001), males compared with females (P ≤ 0.001), and trained compared with untrained youths (3.26 ± 0.51 vs. 3.11 ± 0.42 mm; P = 0.041). Brachial FMD was similar in pre- and post-PHV youths (P = 0.298), and males and females (P = 0.946). However, exercise-trained youths demonstrated higher FMD when compared with untrained counterparts (5.3 ± 3.3 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6%; P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, brachial artery diameter (r2 = 0.142; P = 0.007 vs. r2 = 0.004; P = 0.652) and FMD (r2 = 0.138; P = 0.008 vs. r2 = 0.003; P = 0.706) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in post-, but not pre-PHV youths, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training is associated with brachial artery remodeling and enhanced endothelial function during youth. However, arterial remodeling and endothelium-dependent function are only associated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness during later stages of adolescence.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report preliminary evidence of the "youth athlete's artery," characterized by training-related arterial remodeling and elevated endothelium-dependent arterial function in children and adolescents. However, training-related adaptations in brachial artery diameter and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents, but not in children. Our findings indicate that endothelium-dependent arterial function is modifiable with chronic exercise training during childhood, but the association between FMD and elevated cardiorespiratory fitness is only apparent during later stages of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiometabolic Health and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean R Perkins
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Ali M McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Tallon CM, Dawkins TG, Douglas AJM, Beckerleg R, Crofts A, Wright ME, Davies S, Steventon JJ, Murphy K, Lord RN, Pugh CJA, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Ainslie PN, McManus AM, Stembridge M. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity are modified by maturational stage and exercise training status during youth. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1500-1515. [PMID: 37742137 PMCID: PMC10988468 DOI: 10.1113/ep091279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Gonadal hormones modulate cerebrovascular function while insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) facilitates exercise-mediated cerebral angiogenesis; puberty is a critical period of neurodevelopment alongside elevated gonadal hormone and IGF-1 activity: but whether exercise training across puberty enhances cerebrovascular function is unkown. What is the main finding and its importance? Cerebral blood flow is elevated in endurance trained adolescent males when compared to untrained counterparts. However, cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia is faster in trained vs. untrained children, but not adolescents. Exercise-induced improvements in cerebrovascular function are attainable as early as the first decade of life. ABSTRACT Global cerebral blood flow (gCBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia (CV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ) are modulated by gonadal hormone activity, while insulin-like growth factor 1 facilitates exercise-mediated cerebral angiogenesis in adults. Whether critical periods of heightened hormonal and neural development during puberty represent an opportunity to further enhance gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ is currently unknown. Therefore, we used duplex ultrasound to assess gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ in n = 128 adolescents characterised as endurance-exercise trained (males: n = 30, females: n = 36) or untrained (males: n = 29, females: n = 33). Participants were further categorised as pre- (males: n = 35, females: n = 33) or post- (males: n = 24, females: n = 36) peak height velocity (PHV) to determine pubertal or 'maturity' status. Three-factor ANOVA was used to identify main and interaction effects of maturity status, biological sex and training status on gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ . Data are reported as group means (SD). Pre-PHV youth demonstrated elevated gCBF and slowerCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response times than post-PHV counterparts (both: P ≤ 0.001). gCBF was only elevated in post-PHV trained males when compared to untrained counterparts (634 (43) vs. 578 (46) ml min-1 ; P = 0.007). However,CV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster in pre- (72 (20) vs. 95 (29) s; P ≤ 0.001), but not post-PHV (P = 0.721) trained youth when compared to untrained counterparts. Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with gCBF in post-PHV youth (r2 = 0.19; P ≤ 0.001) andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response time in pre-PHV youth (r2 = 0.13; P = 0.014). Higher cardiorespiratory fitness during adolescence can elevate gCBF while exercise training during childhood primes the development of cerebrovascular function, highlighting the importance of exercise training during the early stages of life in shaping the cerebrovascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dean R. Perkins
- Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christine M. Tallon
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Tony G. Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Andrew J. M. Douglas
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Ryan Beckerleg
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Crofts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Melissa E. Wright
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Saajan Davies
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jessica J. Steventon
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rachel N. Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Christopher J. A. Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Sports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAUT UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Sports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAUT UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human PerformanceWaikato Institute of TechnologyWaikatoNew Zealand
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Ali M. McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
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Tsutsui T, Iizuka S, Sakamaki W, Maemichi T, Torii S. Growth until Peak Height Velocity Occurs Rapidly in Early Maturing Adolescent Boys. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101570. [PMID: 36291506 PMCID: PMC9600346 DOI: 10.3390/children9101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The timing and tempo of growth rate varies inter-individually during adolescence and can have an impact on athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the difference in growth rate for each maturity status. We combined data collected both retrospectively and prospectively from 78 adolescent boys aged 12 years old; growth charts were collected from their elementary school records, and the height of each participant was subsequently measured every six months over a period of two years. Take Off Age (TOA), Peak Height Velocity Age (PHVA), and Final Height Age (FHA) were estimated using the AUXAL 3.1 program. Growth Tempo 1 and 2 were calculated by dividing the height increase by the time difference between TOA and PHVA, and FHA, respectively. Our results showed three group differences based on the maturation status of PHVA: Growth Tempo 1 and 2 were both higher in the early than during middle and late maturation. Additionally, entering the height at each event as a covariate, the group differences for Growth Tempo 1 did not change; however, for Growth Tempo 2, group differences were eliminated. Therefore, we conclude that during early maturation, growth from TOA to PHVA occurs rapidly and in a shorter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Tsutsui
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iizuka
- Japan Institute of Sports Science, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Maemichi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Kurihara T, Terada M, Numasawa S, Kusagawa Y, Maeo S, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262100. [PMID: 34972181 PMCID: PMC8719687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toe muscular strength plays an important role in enhancing athletic performance because the forefoot is the only part of the body touching the ground. In general, muscular strength increases with age throughout adolescence, and sex-related difference in muscular strength becomes evident during childhood and adolescence. However, toe muscular strength is known to be levelled off after late adolescence in both sexes. For adolescent populations, therefore, the association of toe muscular strength with physical performance might differ with age and/or sex. This study aimed to investigate differences in relationships between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance across sex and age in adolescent populations. The maximum isometric strength of the toe muscles and vertical jump height (VJ) were assessed in 479 junior high school students (JH) aged 12–14 years (243 boys and 236 girls) and 465 high school students (HS) aged 15–18 years (265 boys and 200 girls). Two types of measurements were performed to evaluate the toe muscular strength: toe gripping strength (TGS) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the plantar flexed position and toe push strength (TPS) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the dorsiflexed position. TGS and TPS were normalized to body weight. Two-way ANOVA showed that TGS had significant main effects of sex (boys > girls) and age (HS > JH) while TPS only had a significant main effect of sex (boys > girls). When the effects of sex and age were separately analyzed, VJ was significantly correlated with TGS in JH girls, HS girls, and JH boys (r = 0.253–0.269, p < 0.05), but not in HS boys (r = 0.062, p = 0.3351). These results suggest that toe muscular strength is relatively weakly associated with vertical jump performance in adolescent boys and girls, but the association would not be established in high school boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shun Numasawa
- Medical Committee of Osaka Basketball Association, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Malina RM, Rogol AD, Cumming SP, Coelho e Silva MJ, Figueiredo AJ. Biological maturation of youth athletes: assessment and implications. Br J Sports Med 2016; 49:852-9. [PMID: 26084525 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The search for talent is pervasive in youth sports. Selection/exclusion in many sports follows a maturity-related gradient largely during the interval of puberty and growth spurt. As such, there is emphasis on methods for assessing maturation. Commonly used methods for assessing status (skeletal age, secondary sex characteristics) and estimating timing (ages at peak height velocity (PHV) and menarche) in youth athletes and two relatively recent anthropometric (non-invasive) methods (status-percentage of predicted near adult height attained at observation, timing-predicted maturity offset/age at PHV) are described and evaluated. The latter methods need further validation with athletes. Currently available data on the maturity status and timing of youth athletes are subsequently summarised. Selection for sport and potential maturity-related correlates are then discussed in the context of talent development and associated models. Talent development from novice to elite is superimposed on a constantly changing base-the processes of physical growth, biological maturation and behavioural development, which occur simultaneously and interact with each other. The processes which are highly individualised also interact with the demands of a sport per se and with involved adults (coaches, trainers, administrators, parents/guardians).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
| | - Alan D Rogol
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Department of Health, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Antonio J Figueiredo
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Fukunaga Y, Takai Y, Yoshimoto T, Fujita E, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Effect of maturation on muscle quality of the lower limb muscles in adolescent boys. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:30. [PMID: 25239758 PMCID: PMC4238251 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of maturation on the muscle quality of the lower limb muscles around puberty. Methods Subjects were 117 Japanese boys age 12 to 15 years. The maturity status was assessed by using a self-assessment of stage of pubic hair development based on the criteria of Tanner. On the basis of the criteria, subjects were divided into the prepubescent or pubescent group. Muscle thickness of knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured by a B-mode ultrasound. Muscle volume index (MV) was calculated from muscle thickness and limb length. Maximal voluntary isometric joint toques (TQ) of knee extension and ankle plantar flexion were measured using a myometer. Muscle quality was derived from dividing TQ by MV (TQ/MV). Results In both muscles, TQ-MV relationships were also similar between the prepubescent and pubescent groups, and there was no significant difference in TQ/MV between the two groups when chronological age was statistically adjusted. Conclusion The current results indicate that, for adolescent boys, the muscle quality of the lower limb muscles is not significantly influenced by maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 8912393, Japan.
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Fukunaga Y, Takai Y, Yoshimoto T, Fujita E, Yamamoto M, Kanehisa H. Influence of maturation on anthropometry and body composition in Japanese junior high school students. J Physiol Anthropol 2013; 32:5. [PMID: 23497570 PMCID: PMC3608247 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-32-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine maturity-related differences in anthropometry and body composition in Japanese youth within a single year. METHODS Two hundred and ten Japanese youth aged from 13 to 13.99 years participated in this study. Their maturity status was assessed using a self-assessment of stage of pubic hair development. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to estimate percent body fat and lean body mass (LBM). Muscle thickness of the anterior thigh, posterior lower leg and rectus abdominis muscles were measured by ultrasound. RESULTS For boys, height, body weight, and LBM in less mature groups were lower than that in more mature groups. The maturity-related differences were still significant after adjusting for chronological age. On the other hand, muscle thickness values in the lower extremity and abdomen differed among the groups at different stages of pubic hair development, whereas there was no maturity-related difference in the relative values corrected by LBM, except for those thickness values measured at the abdomen. For girls, only the muscle thickness at the anterior thigh and muscle thickness relative to LBM1/3 at the posterior lower leg was significantly affected by maturity status, but significant maturity-related difference was not found after adjusting for chronological age. CONCLUSIONS At least for Japanese boys and girls aged 13 years, maturity status affected body size in boys, but not in girls, and the influence of maturation on the muscularity of the lower extremity and trunk muscles is less in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fukunaga
- National Institute of Fitness and Sport in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 8912393, Japan
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Clinal variation in Chinese height and weight: Evidence from the descendants of emigrants to Taiwan. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2008; 59:47-66. [PMID: 18222443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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