1
|
Santana N, Starbuck JM. Breaking Symmetry: A Quantitative Analysis of Facial Skeleton Disharmony in Children Born with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1726-1732. [PMID: 30851147 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) occurs when craniofacial precursors fail to form or fuse properly during development. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional investigation was to quantify directional asymmetry (DA) of the facial skeleton of children born with Veau Class IV nonsyndromic BCLP. To accomplish this goal, coordinate values of anatomical landmarks were acquired from three-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic images of the craniofacial skeleton of middle- to late-aged children born with BCLP and age- and sex-matched controls and used to compare patterns of asymmetry variation. Multivariate analyses revealed different patterns of DA variation across samples and identified approximately 30% of DA measures as significantly different. Magnitudes of statistically significant linear distances differ in the craniofacial region, with most smaller DA differences located near the orbits and frontal bone, while larger differences were localized mostly to the midface, alveolar ridge, and nasal borders. Generally, areas of the craniofacial skeleton derived from the maxillary and nasal prominences demonstrated the highest magnitudes of DA. The methods and results presented will be useful to biomedical researchers when identifying the extent to which patients with BCLP diverge from typical developmental expectations. Quantifying DA and assessing local differences across the craniofacial complex can aid medical practitioners when developing treatments to improve BCLP surgical algorithms and outcomes. Anat Rec, 302:1726-1732, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - John M Starbuck
- Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad Y, Starbuck JM. Disruption of symmetry: A quantitative assessment of facial skeleton anatomy in children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Clin Anat 2018; 31:1129-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816
| | - John M. Starbuck
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Central Florida Orlando Florida 32816
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gawlikowska-Sroka A, Dabrowski P, Szczurowski J, Dzieciolowska-Baran E, Staniowski T. Influence of physiological stress on the presence of hypoplasia and fluctuating asymmetry in a medieval population from the village of Sypniewo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2017; 19:43-52. [PMID: 29198399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to estimate the levels of physiological stress in the medieval rural population of Sypniewo by evaluating patterns of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and enamel hypoplasia (EH), and provide information on the influence of physiological stress during the prenatal and perinatal period on early childhood development. Stress is defined as any external or internal condition that challenges homeostasis of an organism. FA is associated with physiological stress occurring mainly during prenatal development and early childhood. The level of FA is thought to reflect the intensity of the stressor(s). EH is caused by physiological stress such as nutritional instability during the first years of life. The studied material consisted of 126 skulls from the village of Sypniewo (Poland). Cranial radiographs were taken in postero-anterior (P-A) and basal views. The images were scanned and calibrated. Measurements of the cranium were used to estimate FA. The presence of EH was assessed using standard anthropological methods The highest levels of FA were observed in the region of the cranial base. EH was observed in 29% of individuals from the rural skeletal series. There was no statistically significant correlation between FA and EH occurrence or between sex and the studied stress indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Dabrowski
- Department of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Szczurowski
- Department of Anthropology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Kozuchowska 5, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Staniowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cranium asymmetry in a modern Greek population sample of known age and sex. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:803-812. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Tomaszewska A, Kwiatkowska B, Jankauskas R. Is the area of the orbital opening in humans related to climate? Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:845-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
| | - Barbara Kwiatkowska
- Department of Anthropology; Institute of Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
| | - Rimantas Jankauskas
- Department of Anatomy; Histology, and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Variation at genes influencing facial morphology are not associated with developmental imprecision in human faces. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99009. [PMID: 24914781 PMCID: PMC4051657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial asymmetries are commonly used as a proxy for human developmental imprecision resulting from inbreeding, and thus reduced genetic heterozygosity. Several environmental factors influence human facial asymmetry (e.g., health care, parasites), but the generalizability of findings on genetic stressors has been limited in humans by sample characteristics (island populations, endogamy) and indirect genetic assessment (inference from pedigrees). In a sample of 3215 adult humans from the Rotterdam Study, we therefore studied the relationship of facial asymmetry, estimated from nine mid-facial landmarks, with genetic variation at 102 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci recently associated with facial shape variation. We further tested whether the degree of individual heterozygosity is negatively correlated with facial asymmetry. An ANOVA tree regression did not identify any SNP relating to either fluctuating asymmetry or total asymmetry. In a general linear model, only age and sex—but neither heterozygosity nor any SNP previously reported to covary with facial shape—was significantly related to total or fluctuating asymmetry of the midface. Our study does not corroborate the common assumption in evolutionary and behavioral biology that morphological asymmetries reflect heterozygosity. Our results, however, may be affected by a relatively small degree of inbreeding, a relatively stable environment, and an advanced age in the Rotterdam sample. Further large-scale genetic studies, including gene expression studies, are necessary to validate the genetic and developmental origin of morphological asymmetries.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bigoni L, Krajíček V, Sládek V, Velemínský P, Velemínská J. Skull shape asymmetry and the socioeconomic structure of an early medieval central european society. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:349-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
8
|
Gawlikowska A, Szczurowski J, Czerwiński F, Miklaszewska D, Adamiec E, Dzieciołowska E. The fluctuating asymmetry of medieval and modern human skulls. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2007; 58:159-72. [PMID: 17445814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) allows for estimating the influence of stress factors on human development and allows to evaluate resistance to stress. FA is often used as a marker of prenatal stress. The aim of this work is to estimate the symmetry of skulls from selected historic human populations and to analyse changes in their morphology which have taken place over centuries. The studied material consisted of two skull samples - a modern sample containing 82 skulls and a medieval sample of 77 skulls from Gródek on the Bug River. Radiographs were taken in postero-anterior (P-A) and base projections. Images were scanned and calibrated by means of MicroStation 95 Academic Edition software. Measurements of the skull images were used to estimate FA. All data were analysed statistically. The skulls in both samples showed asymmetry. The levels of FA varied in different skull regions. A high level of FA in the calvaria and a low asymmetry for the facial part of skull is characteristic of modern skulls. In medieval skulls these relations are inverted. The higher value of FA in modern skulls is an evidence of a higher level of developmental stress in the modern population as well as of its lesser abilities to resist stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gawlikowska
- Department of Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deviations of physical characteristics from bilateral symmetry, in otherwise symmetric individuals, are supposed to result from environmental perturbations during development. One cause of such perturbations may be sex steroids such as testosterone and oestrogen. AIM The study examined the relationship between second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative negative correlate with prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate with prenatal oestrogen, and asymmetry. METHODS Eleven traits (including the second and fourth finger lengths) were measured in a sample of 680 English children aged 2-18 years, and second to fifth finger lengths in samples of 120 Austrian and English undergraduate students aged from 17 to 30 years and 213 Polish adults aged from 26 to 90 years. RESULTS Significant U-shaped curvilinear associations between 2D:4D and all 11 traits were found in English children with the strongest associations between 2D:4D and composite asymmetry of second plus fourth digit, and second to fifth digits. Further investigation of the relation between 2D:4D and digit asymmetries in the sample of Austrian and English undergraduates and the Polish adults confirmed significant U-shaped relationships between 2D:4D and finger asymmetries. CONCLUSION Our data show that both low 2D:4D (a marker of high prenatal testosterone) and high 2D:4D (a marker of high prenatal oestrogen) are associated with elevated levels of asymmetry and this relationship applies particularly to finger asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Manning
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Jacob T, Indriati E, Soejono RP, Hsü K, Frayer DW, Eckhardt RB, Kuperavage AJ, Thorne A, Henneberg M. Pygmoid Australomelanesian Homo sapiens skeletal remains from Liang Bua, Flores: population affinities and pathological abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13421-6. [PMID: 16938848 PMCID: PMC1552106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605563103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liang Bua 1 (LB1) exhibits marked craniofacial and postcranial asymmetries and other indicators of abnormal growth and development. Anomalies aside, 140 cranial features place LB1 within modern human ranges of variation, resembling Australomelanesian populations. Mandibular and dental features of LB1 and LB6/1 either show no substantial deviation from modern Homo sapiens or share features (receding chins and rotated premolars) with Rampasasa pygmies now living near Liang Bua Cave. We propose that LB1 is drawn from an earlier pygmy H. sapiens population but individually shows signs of a developmental abnormality, including microcephaly. Additional mandibular and postcranial remains from the site share small body size but not microcephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Jacob
- *Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Paleoanthropology, Gadjah Mada University Faculty of Medicine, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - E. Indriati
- *Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Paleoanthropology, Gadjah Mada University Faculty of Medicine, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - R. P. Soejono
- National Archaeological Research Center, J1. Raya Condet Pejaten No. 4, Jakarta 12001, Indonesia
| | - K. Hsü
- Kenneth Hsü Center for Integrated Hydrologic Circuits Development, National Institute of Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - D. W. Frayer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - R. B. Eckhardt
- Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. J. Kuperavage
- Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. Thorne
- Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - M. Henneberg
- Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Varela HH, Cocilovo JA. Phenotypic, maximum genetic, and special environmental variability in prehistoric human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 132:17-24. [PMID: 16941604 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic variance (V(P)) may be divided into the genetic variance (V(G)), the general environmental variance (V(Eg)), and the special environmental variance (V(Es)). The latter is estimated through repeatability calculation (b). This value is considered the upper limit of heritability and represents maximum genetic variance proportion (V(Gm) = V(G) + V(Eg)) in relation to V(P) (b = (V(G) + V(Eg))/V(P)). This process allows an improved determination of biological relationships among groups from estimators maximizing the genetic information of quantitative characters. Two hundred and thirty-seven individuals inhabiting the northern coast of Chile for 4,000 years were taken as a sample. Measurement was made of six metric characters at both sides of the cranium. Special environmental values (es) were obtained by regression. The difference between these values and the phenotypic values (p) consists in the genetic values plus the general environmental values (g + eg). A mean b value of 0.83 indicated that V(Es) represents 17% of V(P). The results showed: 1) high stability of the maximum genetic variance in time and space, 2) high correlation between the biological relationships model, the phenotypic model, and the maximum genetic model, and 3) random distribution of the nongenetic variation, as expected from the quantitative genetics theory. These results support the use of phenotypic data for the interpretation of the evolution history of prehistoric populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Hugo Varela
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Química y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thornhill R, Furlow B. Stress and Human Reproductive Behavior: Attractiveness, Women's Sexual Development, Postpartum Depression, and Baby's Cry. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
14
|
Hershkovitz I, Livshits G, Moskona D, Arensburg B, Kobyliansky E. Variables affecting dental fluctuating asymmetry in human isolates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1993; 91:349-65. [PMID: 8333490 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330910308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study are to 1) determine and describe levels of dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a highly endogamous human group; 2) evaluate the effects of various FA measures on perceived FA levels and their interrelationships; 3) study the connections between dental variables (tooth size, class, position, type, location and dimension) and FA levels; and 4) estimate the interrelationships between dental FA measures. The study was carried out on 242 Bedouin boys aged 5 to 14 years. The results demonstrate that the main variables influencing dental FA levels within this population are tooth class (incisors, canine, premolars, molars) and position (mesial, distal) and that the interaction between the two is significant. When sample sizes are large enough and individual measures are needed for the statistical analysis, the use of a computational method based on absolute values is legitimate. Clear relationships between some FA dental traits are discerned through principal-components analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hershkovitz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|